Ngokusekelwe ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokugcina amandla,ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandlaingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezinhlanu: ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla emishini, ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla e-electrochemical, ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla kagesi, ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla amakhemikhali, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla ashisayo.
◇Ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla kagesi
◇Ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla amakhemikhali
◇Ubuchwepheshe bokugcina obushisayo
Ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla omshini
Njengoba kwaziwa, izinhlobo ezahlukene zamandla e-kinetic namandla angaba khona emvelweni, njengamanzi agelezayo, umoya wemvelo, amagagasi namagagasi; imisebenzi yabantu iphinde ikhiqize amandla amaningi e-kinetic namandla angaba khona, njengokuhamba kwabantu, izimoto, imikhumbi, noketshezi. Wonke la mandla, kokubili akhiqizwa emvelweni kanye nalawo akhiqizwa imisebenzi yabantu, ayimithombo yamandla avuselelekayo. Amandla omshini isamba samandla e-kinetic namandla angaba khona, inani elibonakalayo elimelela isimo sokunyakaza kanye nokuphakama kwento. Amandla e-kinetic kanye namandla ento angaguqulelwa elinye nelinye; ohlelweni lokuguqulwa okuhlangene phakathi kwamandla e-kinetic namandla angaba khona, inani eliphelele lamandla emishini lihlala lingashintshi, okungukuthi, amandla emishini ayagcinwa.
Isitoreji samandla emishini ubuchwepheshe obuguqula amandla abe amandla emishini ukuze agcinwe bese siwaguqulela kumandla kagesi uma kudingeka. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokugcina amandla emishini zihlanganisa isitoreji samanzi esimpontshwa, isitoreji somoya esicindezelwe, kanye nesitoreji samandla e-flywheel. Ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla emishini ngokuvamile bunomthamo omkhulu wamandla, amandla okuphendula ngokushesha, nempilo ende yesevisi, okubenza bafanelekele ukulawulwa kwegridi kanye nokuphakelwa kwamandla okuphuthumayo. Isikhathi sabo sokulondoloza nesikali siyahlukahluka kuye ngobuchwepheshe obuthile, kusukela emaminithini kuya ezinsukwini, futhi kungahlangabezana nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zokugcina amandla.
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi ampompayo:
Isitoreji samanzi esimpontshwa njengamanje siwubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu-esikalini sokulondoloza amandla. Isebenzisa ugesi ukupompa amanzi-echibini elinezinga eliphansi ukuya endaweni-esezingeni eliphezulu, igcina amandla awo angaba namandla. Ngezikhathi zokudingeka kakhulu kukagesi, amanzi akhululwa ukuze akhiqize ugesi ngama-turbines. Le ndlela inokuguqulwa okuphakeme ngokusebenza kahle (ngokujwayelekile okungu-70%–85%), ifanele ukulawula umehluko ophakeme-wesigodi kugridi yamandla, futhi inikeza umthamo omkhulu wesitoreji kanye nokusebenza okuzinzile.
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi ampompayo kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukusekela ukuhlanganiswa kwegridi yamandla avuselelekayo, ukunikezwa kwebhalansi nokuguquguquka kwesidingo, futhi kunesikhathi eside sokulondoloza kanye nomthamo oqinile wokugodla. Umgomo wayo ukhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 1-1.
Isitoreji samandla omoya acindezelwe:
Ukugcinwa kwamandla omoya ocindezelwe kuhlanganisa ukucindezela umoya usebenzisa i-compressor eqhutshwa ngogesi bese uwugcina emigedeni engaphansi komhlaba, emathangeni, noma emikhunjini yokucindezela. Lapho isidingo sikagesi sikhuphuka, umoya ocindezelwe ogciniwe uyakhululwa, ushiselwe, futhi usetshenziselwe ukushayela i-turbine ukukhiqiza ugesi. Isitoreji samandla omoya acindezelwe ngokuvamile sinikeza-izinga elikhulu,{3}}amakhono okugcina amandla esikhathi eside{3}}, ngokusebenza kahle ngokuvamile asukela ku-50% kuya ku-70%. Lokhu kusebenza kahle kungathuthukiswa nakakhulu uma kuhlanganiswa nobuchwepheshe bokuthola ukushisa. Ifanele ukuhlanganiswa-nezimboni zamandla amakhulu avuselelekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuguquguquka kwegridi nokuzinza.
Isitoreji samandla e-Flywheel:
Isitoreji samandla e-Flywheel sisebenzisa injini ukushayela i-flywheel ngesivinini esikhulu, siguqule amandla kagesi abe amandla e-kinetic ukuze agcinwe. Uma kudingeka, i-flywheel isebenzisa ijeneretha ukuguqula amandla e-kinetic abuyele kumandla kagesi. Ubuchwepheshe besitoreji samandla e-Flywheel baziwa ngesivinini sawo sokuphendula esishesha kakhulu (imvamisa ebangeni le-millisecond) nempilo yomjikelezo ophezulu (okufika kumakhulu ezinkulungwane zemijikelezo), okuyenza ifaneleke{2}}izimo-zesikhathi esifushane,{3}}zokulondoloza amandla aphezulu, njengokulawulwa kwefrikhwensi yegridi namandla angaphazamiseki (UPS). Isitoreji samandla e-Flywheel ngokuvamile sisebenza kahle kakhulu ekuguquleni, sifinyelela ku-85%–95%, kodwa isikhathi saso sokulondoloza sifushane, ngokuvamile sisetshenziselwa ukulinganisela{7}}ukuguquguquka kwamandla esikhathi esifushane. Umfanekiso 1-2 ubonisa umdwebo wohlelo lwesistimu yamandla okugcina amandla e-flywheel.
Electrochemical energy storage technology
Isitoreji samandla e-electrochemical ubuchwepheshe obuguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla amakhemikhali ngokusabela kwe-electrochemical, ukuwagcina bese ukuwaguqula abuyele kumandla kagesi uma kudingeka. Umongo wayo ukugcinwa nokukhishwa kwamandla ngenqubo yokushaja nokukhipha amabhethri. Ubuchwepheshe besitoreji samandla e-Electrochemical bunezinzuzo ezifana nesivinini sokuphendula esisheshayo, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukufakwa okuvumelana nezimo, kanye nomklamo wemojuli, okwenza bufanelekele izimo ezifana negridi yamandla avuselelekayo-ukulawulwa kwamafrikhwensi axhunyiwe, umthetho ophakeme{3}}wesigodi, kanye nokuphakelwa kwamandla okuphuthumayo. Okwamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla e-electrochemical obujwayelekile buhlanganisa amabhethri omthofu{{5}e-asidi, amabhethri e-nickel-i-metal hydride, amabhethri e-lithium{7}}ion, amabhethri e-sodium-ion, namabhethri okugeleza, ngalinye linokusebenza kwalo okuhlukile, izimo zohlelo lokusebenza, namandla okuthuthuka. Ngengxenye ekhulayo yamandla avuselelekayo, isitoreji samandla ekhemikhali ye-electrochemical sidlala indima ebalulekile ekuguquleni isakhiwo samandla emhlabeni wonke futhi siyisiqinisekiso esibalulekile sokuthola{10}isistimu yamandla{10}ekhabhoni ehlanzekile, ephansi, nephephile.
Amabhethri-e-asidi eholayo:
Amabhethri omthofu-awubuchwepheshe{1}} obakhiwe futhi obusetshenziswa kabanzi bokugcina amandla e-electrochemical. Isimiso sabo sihilela ukusebenzisa umthofu nama-oxide awo njengezisetshenziswa ze-electrode ezinhle nezingezinhle, kanye nesisombululo samanzi se-sulfuric acid njenge-electrolyte, ukushaja nokukhipha ngokusabela kwe-electrochemical. Amabhethri omthofu-ane-asidi enezinzuzo ezifana nezindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza, ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe, ukwethembeka okuphezulu, nokumelana okuqinile nokushajwa ngokweqile{5}}nokukhipha ngaphezulu, futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu kumabhethri okuqala ezimoto, amandla ayisipele, namasistimu okugcina amandla. Nokho, amabhethri e-lead-e-asidi anomthamo omncane wamandla, impilo yomjikelezo olinganiselwe, futhi aqukethe umthofu onobuthi, ongangcolisa imvelo uma ilahlwa ngokungafanele. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, amabhethri{9}}e-asidi omthofu asesesikhundleni esibalulekile emikhakheni ethile, ikakhulukazi{10}}ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezizwelayo. Ngokuzayo, ukugaywa kabusha okunobungani kwemvelo nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kwamabhethri{12}e-asidi kuzoba izikhombisi-ndlela ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa kwalobu buchwepheshe.
Amabhethri e-Nickel{{0}Metal Hydride (NiMH):
Amabhethri e-NiMH awubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla e-electrochemical obusebenzisa i-nickel hydroxide njenge-electrode enhle ne-nickel hydride njenge-electrode engeyinhle. Banikeza izinzuzo ezinjengokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, ubungane bemvelo, nempilo yomjikelezo omude. Uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri endabuko, amabhethri e-NiMH awanazo izingozi zamakhemikhali ezihlotshaniswa ne-cadmium ne-molybdenum, okuwenza angahambelani nemvelo. Ngakho-ke, asetshenziswa kakhulu kumathuluzi kagesi, ezimotweni eziyingxubevange, nakumadivaysi kagesi aphathwayo. Futhi zinokushaja okuphezulu{4}}okusebenza kahle kokukhipha futhi zingasebenza ngokuzinzile ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Isici esibalulekile samabhethri e-nickel ukushajwa kwawo okuqinile kanye{6}}nokubekezelela ukuchithwa okungaphezulu, okuwenza abe muhle ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukushajwa njalo nokuphuma. Nakuba ukukhuphuka kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion eminyakeni yakamuva kuholele ekwehleni kwesabelo semakethe samabhethri e-NiMH, asagcina indawo ezindaweni ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza.
Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion:
Amabhethri e-lithium-i-ion awubuchwepheshe besitoreji samandla e-electrochemical obufinyelela ukushaja nokushajwa ngokufakwa nokukhipha ama-ion e-lithium phakathi kwama-electrode aphozithivu noma anegethivu. Isisindo esilula se-lithium kanye nokuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu kuholele ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi kwamabhethri e-lithium{2}}e-ion emishinini ye-elekthronikhi ephathekayo, ezimotweni zikagesi, kanye nesitoreji samandla avuselelekayo. Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion ahlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezifana nempilo yomjikelezo omude futhi angabinawo umthelela wenkumbulo, kodwa futhi anokukhathazeka okuthile kokuphepha, okufana nokubaleka kokushisa okubangelwa ukushajwa ngokweqile kanye{5}}nokukhipha ngaphezulu. Ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuphepha nokusebenza kwe-electrochemical kwamabhethri e-lithium{7}}i-ion kuye kwathuthuka ngokuqhubekayo, kuyilapho izindleko zehlile, okuwenza abe ngelinye lamabhethri okugcina amandla asetshenziswa kakhulu emakethe namuhla. Ngokuzayo, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obufana{9}} nama-electrolyte e-state aqinile ne-silicon{10}}based anode kulindeleke ukuthi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwe-electrochemical nokuphepha kwamabhethri e-lithium{11}}ion.
Amabhethri{0}}e-Sodium:
Amabhethri e-sodium-ioni angubuchwepheshe obusha obukhula ngokushesha besitoreji samandla e-electrochemical eminyakeni yakamuva. Isimiso sabo sokusebenza sifana nesamabhethri e-lithium-e-ion, lapho ama-ion e-lithium ehlangana khona futhi ehlukana phakathi kwama-electrode aphozithivu noma anegethivu ukuze ashaje futhi ashajwe. Izinzuzo zamabhethri e-sodium-i-ion zilele ebuningini nasezindlekweni eziphansi zezinsiza ze-sodium, kanye nokuzimela kwazo emikhawulweni ye-lithium yesisetshenziswa, okuwenza afanelekele{5}}izicelo zokulondoloza amandla ezinkulu. Nakuba ukuminyana kwawo kwamandla kuphansi kunamabhethri e-lithium{7}}eion, amabhethri e-sodium{8}}ion abonisa ukusebenza kahle ngokuzinza komjikelezo, ukusebenza{9}}okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa, nokuphepha, abonisa ukuthembisa okukhulu kwentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo. Okwamanje, ucwaningo lwamabhethri{11}}eionion yesodium lugxile ekuthuthukiseni ukuminyana kwamandla, ukunweba impilo yomjikelezo, kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe, amabhethri e-sodium{13}}ion alindeleke ukuthi abe esinye sezixazululo ezibalulekile{14}}zokulondoloza amandla esikali ngokuzayo.
Ibhethri eligelezayo:
Amabhethri agelezayo awubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla e-electrochemical lapho i-electrolyte igcinwa ethangini langaphandle. Umgomo wabo ubandakanya ukugcinwa nokukhishwa kwamandla ngokusabela kwe-electrochemical phakathi kwama-electrolyte amabili ahlukene ngaphakathi kwebhethri. Isici esibalulekile samabhethri okugeleza amandla awo alungiseka ngokuzimela kanye nokuphuma kwamandla; umthamo wokulondoloza unganwetshwa ngokwandisa inani le-electrolyte egciniwe, okuyenza ifaneleke ngokukhethekile-ukusetshenziswa{3}}kwesikhathi eside sokulondoloza amandla. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zamabhethri okugeleza zifaka amabhethri okugeleza kwe-vanadium redox kanye namabhethri okugeleza kwe-zinc/bromine. Amabhethri agelezayo anikeza impilo ende, ukuphepha okuhle, kanye nobungane bemvelo, kodwa ukutshala kwawo kokuqala kuphezulu, futhi isistimu yebhethri iyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, amandla okugeleza kwamabhethri-esikalini sokulondoloza amandla ayavela kancane kancane, ikakhulukazi ekuhlanganisweni kwegridi yamandla avuselelekayo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokulawula igridi.