Ukwanda kwegridi-yesikali sokulondoloza amandla kushintshe ngokuyisisekelo indlela amasistimu kagesi aphatha ngayo izikhawu kanye nesidingo esikhulu. Kulo mhlaba, ama-paradigms ezakhiwo ezimbili avele njengokucushwa okuvelele:amasistimu okugcina amandla ebhethri anesitsha(BESS) kanye neziteshi ezijwayelekile-zohlobo lokufakwa olufakwe ngaphakathi kwenhloso-yezakhiwo ezakhiwe. Ngenkathi zombili zenza imisebenzi efanayo ngokusobala{3}}ukugcina amandla kagesi ngesikhathi-ukuthunyelwa okushintshiwe{5}}amafilosofi abo obunjiniyela, ukuhlelwa kokuphakelwa, nezici zokusebenza kwehluka kakhulu. Lo mehluko uphethe imithelela ejulile kwezomnotho zephrojekthi, ukukala, kanye{7}}nokuphathwa kwempahla yesikhathi eside.
I-Containerization Revolution (Futhi Kungani Yenzeka)
Akekho ngempela obehlele ukuthi ama-container athathe izintambo. Ukushintsha kwenzeke cishe ngengozi.
Cishe ngo-2015-2016, onjiniyela ezindaweni ezikude{2}}ikakhulukazi imisebenzi yezimayini e-Australia kanye nangaphandle{3}}nokufakwa kwegridi kuyo yonke{4}i-Saharan Africa-baqale ukufuna okuthile okungadingi izinyanga eziyisithupha zomsebenzi womphakathi. Babedinga isitoreji esingafika ngeloli futhi baqale ukusebenza phakathi namasonto. Impendulo yayigqolozele wonke umuntu ebusweni: amabhokisi ensimbi afanayo ayeseguqule izinto zomhlaba wonke.
Isiqukathi se-ISO esijwayelekile esingu-20-sonyawo (6.1m × 2.4m × 2.6m) noma esihambisana naso esingu-40-foot sibe yi-de facto form factor. Yonke into iminyene ngaphakathi: ama-rack ebhethri e-lithium-ion, amasistimu okuguqula amandla, izinto zokuphatha ezishisayo, ukucisha umlilo, i-hardware yokuqapha. Ukuhlanganiswa kwenzeka efekthri, hhayi enkundleni. Lowo umehluko oyinhloko.
Okwenza lo msebenzi usebenze ngokobuchwepheshe ubunjiniyela bangaphambili-. Lapho uTesla ethumela amayunithi abo eMegapack eHornsdale Power Reserve eSouth Australia, isiqukathi ngasinye safika njengohlelo olungaphansi oluqinisekisiwe, oluhloliwe. Umsebenzi wesayithi empeleni 'kwakuwukuxhuma futhi udlale'-ibinzana onjiniyela abazondayo ukulisebenzisa kodwa amakhasimende athanda ukuzwa.
Ukufakwa Kwendabuko: Icala Akekho Osafuna Ukulenza
Nakhu lapho kufanele ngethembeke ngokuthile. Ukubhala kahle mayelana nesiteshi somdabu-uhlobo lwe-BESS kufana nokuvikela imishini yefeksi. Ubuchwepheshe buyasebenza. Kufakazelwe. Ezinye zezimpahla ezinde{5}}zesitoreji segridi esebenzayo emhlabeni zisebenzisa le ndlela.
Kodwa ezomnotho zishintshe kakhulu kangangokuthi ukwakhiwa kwendabuko okusha kuya kungavamile ngaphandle kwezimo ezithile.
Lokho kusho, le ndlela isezwakala ezimeni ezithile:
-indawo enezinsiza ezikhona
-indawo enezinsiza ezikhona{{0}izikhungo zedatha, izimboni zokukhiqiza, amadepho kaloliwe{1}lapho igumbi lebhethri elizinikele lingabelana nengqalasizinda yokuphatha okushisayo, amasistimu okuvikela, nabasebenzi abalungisayo.
01
Izindawo zasemadolobheni eziminyene
Izindawo zasemadolobheni eziminyenelapho izindleko zezindlu ezithengiswayo ziyi-astronomical kanye nokwakhiwa okuqondile kukhethwa. Isakhiwo sebhethri-esiningi esisedolobheni lase-Tokyo noma e-Manhattan singafinyelela ukuminyana kwamandla amasistimu aneziqukathi angeke afane. Ungakwazi ukunqwabelanisa ama-racks phansi-kuya-kusilingi, uthuthukise amasistimu e-HVAC emvilophini yokwakha, futhi uhlanganise nengqalasizinda kagesi ekhona ngobuhle kakhulu.
02
Ukufakwa okukhulu ngokwedlulele
Ukufakwa okukhulu ngokwedlulele(500MWh+) lapho izindleko ezinqenqemeni zemisebenzi yomphakathi ziba yize uma kuqhathaniswa nokuvumelana nezimo komklamo wangokwezifiso.
03
Inkinga ukuthi "i-marginal" ilokhu ichazwa kabusha. Eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, noma yini engaphezu kuka-100MWh yayithanda ukwakhiwa kwendabuko. Namuhla lowo mngcele cishe usuthuthele ku-300MWh noma ngaphezulu, futhi usakhuphuka.
Ukuphatha Okushisayo: Lapho Izinto Zithakazelisa
Yilapho engifuna ukuchitha khona isikhathi esithile ngoba asaziwa.
Amaseli e-Lithium-ion ayizidalwa{1}}ezizwelayo. Iwindi labo elisebenza kahle lihlala phakathi kuka-15 degrees no-35 degrees. Dlulela ngaphandle kwalolo bubanzi futhi ubheka ukuwohloka okusheshisiwe, ukufiphala komthamo, ukubaleka okungaba khona okushisayo. Umehluko phakathi kwempilo yempahla yeminyaka engu-12 kanye nempilo yempahla yeminyaka engu-7 ngokuvamile wehlela ekuphathweni kokushisa.
Amasistimu afakwe emabhokisini ahlangane kakhulu ekupholiseni uketshezi. Amapuleti abandayo athintana ngokuqondile namamojula ebhethri, azungeza ingxube yamanzi ye-glycol{1}}nge-loop evaliwe exhunywe kuma-chiller angaphandle. I-thermal mass iyalawuleka. Izikhathi zokuphendula ziyashesha. Ama-gradients okushisa kulo lonke ibhethri ahlala phakathi kwamadigri angu-3-5 ngokujwayelekile.
Ukufakwa kwendabuko ngokomlando kwakuthembele-ezingeni le-air conditioning. Iyasebenza, kodwa ingasebenzi kahle. I-air ine-thermal conductivity embi uma iqhathaniswa noketshezi. Ugcina ubande kakhulu ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi amaseli afudumele ahlala ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo, okusho ukuthi amaseli abanda kakhulu asebenza ngokuncane. Amandla we-parasitic load angafinyelela ku-8-12% womthamo wesistimu ezindaweni ezishisayo uma kuqhathaniswa no-3-5% weziqukathi eziklanywe kahle ezipholise uketshezi.
Ezinye izinhlobo zesiteshi{0}}ezintsha zokwakha zamukele ukupholisa kokucwiliswa{1}}ukucwilisa wonke amamojula ebhethri kuketshezi lwe-dielectric. Ukusebenza kwe-thermal kuyingqayizivele. Kodwa ubunkimbinkimbi bokusebenza kanye nezidingo zokulawula uketshezi kunokwamukelwa okulinganiselwe kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile.
Izinombolo Akekho Okhuluma Ngazo
Abathuthukisi bephrojekthi bathanda ukucaphuna izibalo ezingu-$/kWh. Ibanga lamanje lihlala ndawana thize phakathi kuka-$150-250/kWh ezingeni lesistimu lezixazululo ezifakwe esitsheni, kuye ngekhemistri, ubude besikhathi, nezici zendawo.
Kodwa leyo nombolo yesihloko ifihla okungaphezu kwalokho ekuvezayo.
Cabangela izimo ezimbili zephrojekthi engu-100MWh:
Indlela yokuhlanganisa:
Izisetshenziswa: ~$18M
Ukulungiswa kwesiza: ~$1.2M
Ukufakwa nokusetshenziswa: ~$800K
Ukuxhumana kwegridi: ~$2M (iyahluka kakhulu ngendawo)
Umugqa wesikhathi: izinyanga eziyi-8-14 kusukela eku-odeni ukuya ekusebenzeni
Uhlobo lwesiteshi{0}}sendabuko:
Izisetshenziswa: ~$15M (amabhethri ne-PCS empeleni kubiza kancane ngaphandle kokuqukatha)
Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo: ~$4-6M
Ukulungiswa kwesiza: ~$2M
Ukufakwa nokusetshenziswa: ~$1.5M
Uxhumano lwegridi: ~$2M
Umugqa wesikhathi: izinyanga eziyi-18-30
Iphrojekthi efakwe emabhokisini ibiza kakhulu ngemishini eluhlaza kodwa incane kukho konke okunye. Futhi lowo mehluko womugqa wesikhathi? Imele izindleko zethuba ezingavamile ukuvela kumafomethi wephrojekthi. Impahla yesitoreji ezuza imali ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ngaphambili ingashintsha ngokuphelele ukubala kokutshalwa kwezimali.
Umlilo Nokuphepha: Indlovu Esitsheni
Angikwazi ukubhala lesi sihloko ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngokwenzeka e-Arizona ngo-2019, noma uVictoria ngo-2021, noma izigameko eziningi eSouth Korea.
Ukusha kwebhethri akuzona izingozi zethiyori. Izinselele zobunjiniyela ezidinga ukunakwa okukhulu.
Amasistimu afakwe emabhokisini anezinzuzo ezithile zemvelo. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba phakathi kwamayunithi kusho ukuthi isigameko esishisayo esitsheni esisodwa akusho ukuthi sehle siye kumayunithi ancikene. I-Deflagration Venting ingaklanywa ngqo esakhiweni sesitsha. Ukusabela kwezimo eziphuthumayo kwenziwa lula-abacimi bomlilo bangasondela, basungule izindawo ezingashiyiwe, futhi bavumele amayunithi onakalisiwe azishise ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni izakhiwo ezihlala abantu.
Isigameko saseMcMicken e-Arizona sibandakanya ikhonteyina ebisisebenze cishe iminyaka emibili ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ukunqwabelana kwegesi ngesikhathi somcimbi oshisayo kudale izimo eziqhumayo. Ngesikhathi izicishamlilo zivula umnyango ukuze ziphenye, ikhonteyina yaqhuma. Abantu abane balaliswe esibhedlela.
Ukusabela kwemboni bekubanzi: amasistimu okuthola igesi athuthukisiwe, amaphaneli okushisa azenzakalelayo, izinqubo ezibuyekeziwe zokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo ezivimbela ngokusobala ukuvulwa kweziqukathi phakathi nezenzakalo ezisolisayo ezishisayo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-UL 9540A manje kunikeza izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlola izici zokusabalalisa umlilo.
Kodwa nakhu engikuthola kuthakazelisa. Imvelo{1}ephezulu yephrofayili yezehlakalo ze-BESS empeleni iqhubekisele phambili ukuthuthukiswa kokuphepha ngokushesha kunephrofayili yengcuphe esabalele yokufakwa kwendabuko. Uma kukhona okungahambi kahle ngesitsha, kwenza izindaba. Uma igumbi lebhethri endaweni yezimboni linesigameko, livamise ukufakwa ngaphansi kwezingozi ezijwayelekile zezimboni futhi lingabhekisiswa kancane.
Lokho Imakethe Ekufunayo Empeleni
Bengibuka ukucaciswa kokuthengwa kwempahla kuthuthuka eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Ukushintsha akungabazeki.
Eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, ama-RFP ayezocela iziphakamiso ezinemininingwane zazo zombili izisombululo ezifakwe emabhokisini kanye-nohlobo lwesiteshi. Abahloli bebefuna ukuqhathanisa.
Namuhla, insiza{0}}isikali sokuthengwa kwempahla icacisa ngokusobala ifomethi ene-container. Ukumiswa sekuyaziqinisa-. Abatshalizimali bayawuqonda umkhiqizo. Abaqaphi bomshwalense basungule izinhlaka. Osonkontileka be-O&M bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile. I-ecosystem ihlanganiswe eduze kweziqukathi.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi izindlela zendabuko ziyashabalala. Kodwa i-niche yabo iyancipha. Ukufakwa ngokwezifiso kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile. Amaphrojekthi wokubuyisela kabusha asebenzisa ingqalasizinda ekhona. Izifunda lapho ukuhanjiswa kwesitsha kuyinselele.
Isiqukathi esingu-5MWh nangaphezulu
Nakhu lapho izinto zibheke khona.
Amasistimu okuqala okuqukatha apakishwe mhlawumbe angu-1-2MWh ebhokisini elingamamitha angu-40. Imikhiqizo yamanje evela ku-CATL, BYD, Tesla, neminye izuza ngokujwayelekile u-3-4MWh. IMegapack 2 XL iphusha ibheke ku-4MWh. I-EnerOne Plus ye-CATL ifuna u-5MWh+.
I-physics eqhuba lokhu: amaseli anamandla aphezulu (280Ah prismatic LFP isiphenduke indinganiso), ukuphathwa okushisayo okusebenzayo okuvumela ukupakisha okuqinile, ama-algorithms e-BMS ahlakaniphile akhipha umthamo osebenzisekayo kakhudlwana kuhadiwe efanayo.
Kodwa kunemingcele. Isisindo siba yisithiyo cishe amathani angama-35-angama-40-ngaphezu kwalokho, ubhekene nezidingo zezokuthutha ezinzima. Ukuminyana kwe-thermal kusho amasistimu okwenqatshwa kokushisa ukukala ngokungahambisani nomugqa. Izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha zamayunithi aphezulu zithatha isikhathi eside futhi zibiza ngaphezulu.
Ukuqagela kwami-futhi kuwukuqagela-ukuthi sizobona ukumiswa kwezimakethe endaweni ethile cishe ku-5-6MWh ngokulingana kwamafithi angama-40. Ngaphandle kwalokho, uqala ukwengeza iziqukathi kunokuba uzikhulise. Ukuhlelwa kokulinganisa kuyadlula izinzuzo eziseceleni zokulinganisa ngokwezifiso.
Inothi elisheshayo kuKhemistry
Bengilokhu ngibhala ikakhulukazi nge-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) ngoba yilapho insiza-yemakethe yesikali ifikele khona. Iphrofayili yokuphepha, impilo yomjikelezo, kanye ne-trajectory yezindleko kuyenza ivelele ezinhlelweni zegridi.
Kodwa ungakunaki okuzayo.
I-sodium-ion ingokoqobo. I-CATL inemigqa yokukhiqiza esebenzayo. Ukuminyana kwamandla kuphansi (cishe u-80-90% we-LFP), kodwa izindleko zempahla eluhlaza kanye nokuqina kwe-supply chain kuyaphoqa. Okokugcina okumile lapho ukuminyana kwamandla adonsela phansi kubaluleke kakhulu, iziqukathi ze-sodium-ion zingathwebula isabelo esibalulekile phakathi neminyaka emi-3-5.
Isimo esiqinile-sihlala singaphandle{1}}mhlawumbe asikona ukuhweba esikalini segridi ngaphambi kuka-2030. Kodwa uma sifika, izilinganiso zokuphatha ezishisayo zishintsha ngokuphelele. Ayikho i-electrolyte ewuketshezi isho izici zokuphepha ezihluke kakhulu.
Imicabango yokugcina
Inkulumompikiswano efakwe esitsheni uma iqhathaniswa nendabuko isixazululwe yimakethe. Amakhonteyina aphumelele ngoba axazulule inkinga yokuthunyelwa, futhi ukuthunyelwa kwaba ibhodlela. Ushintsho lwamandla alunaso isikhathi sokulinda ubunjiniyela bangokwezifiso kuwo wonke amaphrojekthi.
Okuhlala kuthakazelisa akuwona ukuncintisana phakathi kwalawa mafomethi kodwa ukuvela okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwamasistimu aphethwe. Amandla amakhulu, ukuphatha okushisayo okuhlakaniphile, ukuhlanganiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi nezinsizakalo zegridi. Isiqukathi sesiphenduke inkundla.
Ukufakwa kohlobo lwesiteshi somdabu{0}}kuzoqhubeka ezindaweni lapho kuzwakala khona. Amaphrojekthi weBrownfield. Ama-cores asemadolobheni aminyene. Izicelo ezinezidingo ezihlukile. Kodwa ekusetshenzisweni kwegridi enkulu-kwesikali sesitoreji{6}igigawatt{7}}amahora omthamo we-gigawatt{7}}engezwa minyaka yonke kuwo wonke amazwekazi{8}}isiqukathi sesibe iyunithi eyisisekelo yokusebenza.
Lokho akulona ezothando. Lokho yi-logistics. Futhi kwingqalasizinda, izinto ezisetshenziswayo zivame ukuwina.