Amasistimu esitoreji sebhethri esithengiswayo asebenza ngempumelelo ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezijwayelekile ezivumela ukunwetshwa ukusuka ku-50 kWh ukuya kumakhono amaningi-e-megawatt. Izinhlelo zesimanje zisebenzisa imiklamo eneziqukathi kanye nokucushwa okuhambisanayo, okwenza amabhizinisi akwazi ukuqala amancane futhi akhulise umthamo wawo wokugcina njengoba izimfuno zamandla zikhula.
I-Modular Foundation of Scalability
Ukukhula kwesitoreji sebhethri esithengiswayo kuncike ezimisweni zedizayini eziyimojuli. Ngokungafani namasistimu okudala ayedinga ukushintshwa okuphelele kokukhushulwa kwamandla, izixazululo zanamuhla zisebenzisa{1}}izakhiwo zamabhulokhi wokwakha lapho amamojula ebhethri angawodwana, ama-inverter, namasistimu okulawula angangezwa ngokuqhubekayo.
Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwezentengiselwano luqukethe amarack ebhethri, amasistimu okuguqula amandla (PCS), amasistimu okuphatha ibhethri (BMS), nesofthiwe yokuphatha amandla. Ingxenye ngayinye ingaphindwa futhi ihlanganiswe ngaphandle kokuklama kabusha konke ukufakwa. Isibonelo, i-Schneider Electric's Boost Pro iqala ku-200 kWh iyunithi ngayinye futhi isikali iye ku-2 MWh ngokuhlanganisa amayunithi afinyelela kwayi-10, igcine ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu okungu-90.8% kukho konke ukunwetshwa.
Izici ezibalulekile ezivumelayo zifaka:
Ukuxhumana okulinganiselwe phakathi kwezingxenye eziqinisekisa ukuhambisana
Amamojula{0}ashisayo ashintshwayo avumela ukunwetshwa ngaphandle kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwesistimu
Izakhiwo ze-BMS ezisabalalisiwe ezilawula izinombolo ezikhulayo zamaseli
Amadizayini afakwe esitsheni enza kube lula ezokuthutha nokufaka
Ucwaningo oluvela ku-NREL lubonisa ukuthi izindleko zokulondoloza ibhethri zehla kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isistimu yamahora angu-4 ibiza kancane kakhulu nge-kWh ngayinye kunesistimu yehora elingu-1, idala ukukhuthaza kwezomnotho kumabhizinisi ukuze alinganise umthamo esikhundleni sokusebenzisa amasistimu amancane amaningi.
Ibanga Lamandla kanye Nezindlela Zokukhula
Amasistimu okugcina amabhethri ezentengiso athatha indawo emaphakathi phakathi kwezindlu zokuhlala (ngokuvamile u-5-15 kWh) nokufakwa kwesikali sosizo (okuvame ukweqa u-100 MWh). Ingxenye yezohwebo isuka ku-50 kWh kumabhizinisi amancane iye ku-1 MWh noma ngaphezulu ezikhungweni zezimboni.
Idatha yemakethe kusukela ngo-2024 ibonisa ukwanda okusheshayo. Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yokugcina amandla ebhethri yezentengiselwano nezimboni ifinyelele ku-$3.18 billion ngo-2023, inamandla asanda kufakwa angu-2.36 GW/4.86 GWh. Izilinganiso zibonisa ukuthi imakethe ikhula ibe ngamabhiliyoni angama-21.64 ngo-2035, amandla akhule afinyelela ku-122.97 GW{10}omele izinga lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka elingu-20.1%.
Ukuthunyelwa{0}kwangempela komhlaba wonke kubonisa lokhu kukhula ngokusebenza. Isistimu ye-Hoymiles' HoyUltra 2 isekela ukukala okuhambisanayo okungafika kumayunithi angu-16 ukuze-isebenze kugridi, inweba isuka ku-125 kW iye kumkhawulo ongu-2 MW. Ngokufanayo, inkundla ye-Honeywell's Ionic ihlinzeka ngokucupha ukusuka ku-250 kWh ukuya ku-5 MWh ngokusebenzisa izivalo zemojuli eziguquguqukayo.
Imakethe ye-BESS efakwe emabhokisini-ehlanganisa isitoreji esiningi sezentengiso-yalinganiselwa ku-$9.33 billion ngo-2024 futhi ibikezelwa ukuthi izofinyelela ku-$35.82 billion ngo-2030. Lawa masistimu-asekelwe esiqukathi ahlanganisa amabhethri, i-PCS, i-BMS, kanye nokuphathwa okushisayo ngaphakathi kweziqukathi zokuthutha ezisezingeni eliphezulu, okwenza kube neziqukathi zokuthutha ezikwazi ukushesha.
Imibiko yemboni ikhombisa ukuthi ukufakwa kwezentengiso kwengeze cishe i-145 MW ngo-2024, kanti i-California, Massachusetts, ne-New York yenza cishe amaphesenti angama-90 alo mthamo. Nakuba kukuncane kunengxenye yesilinganiso{4}}sesikali, ukuthunyelwa kwezentengiso kukhula ngokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa ngenxa yokwehla kwezindleko kanye nokuthuthukisa izimo zebhizinisi.
Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Behind Scaling
Ukukala isitoreji sebhethri lezentengiso kubandakanya okungaphezu nje kokungeza amabhethri amaningi. Inqubo idinga ukunwetshwa okuhlanganisiwe kuzo zonke izendlalelo zesistimu.
Ukucushwa Kwemojula Yebhethri
Amasistimu e-lithium-esimanje asebenzisa amaphakethe ebhethri ahlelwe ngochungechunge nokucushwa okuhambisanayo ukuze afinyelele izilinganiso zevoltheji kanye nomthamo ofunekayo. Imojuli eyodwa ingase iqukathe inqwaba yamaseli. Amamojula amaningi anqwabelana kuma-rack, futhi ama-rack amaningi axhumeka ukuze akhe amalungu afanayo amakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo esilandelanayo sivumela ukukhuphuka kwamandla ngokungeza ama-rack ngaphandle kokuklama kabusha ingqalasizinda kagesi.
Ikhemistri ye-Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) ibusa izinhlelo zokugcina ezimile kusukela ngo-2021, ingena esikhundleni sezinhlelo zangaphambilini ze-nickel manganese cobalt (NMC). I-LFP inikeza ukuzinza okuphakeme okushisayo nempilo yomjikelezo, nakuba ingaphansi kokuminyana kwamandla. Ezinhlelweni zezentengiselwano lapho isikhala sincane kakhulu kunezimotweni, izinzuzo zokuphepha nokuphila isikhathi eside zidlula ukukhathazeka kokuminyana.
Ukuguqulwa Nokulawula Amandla
Isistimu yokuguqula amandla kufanele ilingane nomthamo webhethri. Iningi lezinhlelo zezentengiselwano ligcina isilinganiso se-inverter/isitoreji esicishe sibe ngu-1.67, okusho ukuthi isistimu eno-1 MWh wendawo yokubeka izokhipha amandla acishe abe ngu-600 kW we-inverter. Lesi silinganiso sibhalansisa ikhono lokukhokhisa nokukhipha ngamanani afanele ngenkathi kulawulwa izindleko.
Izakhiwo zesimanje ze-BMS zisebenzisa imiklamo esabalalisiwe lapho imojuli yebhethri ngayinye iqukethe iyunithi yayo yokuqapha iseli (CMU). Lawa ma-CMU axhumana nesilawuli esiyinhloko esixhumanisa ukusebenza kwesistimu iyonke. Le ndlela yokusatshalaliswa ikala ngempumelelo kakhulu kunemiklamo ye-BMS ephakathi nendawo, edala izinkinga njengoba isibalo samaseli sikhula.
Amasistimu okulawula athuthukile anika amandla-ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhloso eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ibhethri lezentengiselwano lingase linikeze kanyekanye ukushefa okuphezulu, ukusabela kwesidingo, amandla ayisipele, nokuhlanganiswa okuvuselelekayo. Isendlalelo sesofthiwe silawula{3}}isimo-sokukhokhiswa kuwo wonke amamojula, siqinisekisa ukushaja okulinganayo nokushajwa, futhi sithuthukise ukusebenza ngokusekelwe enkomeni kagesi nasezimfuneko zokusebenza.
Amasistimu Okulawula Okushisayo
Ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kuyenyuka ngosayizi wesistimu, okwenza ukuphathwa kokushisa kube okubalulekile ekulinganiseni. Amasistimu amancane avamise ukusebenzisa ukupholisa komoya okungenzi lutho, kodwa ukufakwa okukhudlwana kudinga ukupholisa uketshezi okusebenzayo ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa elilungile lokusebenza phakathi kuka-68℃F kanye no-90℃F.
Amasistimu okupholisa uketshezi olugcwele lwe-Hoymiles abonisa le ndlela, asekela iminyaka engu-15+ yokusebenza ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima ngezilinganiso ze-IP55 ne-C5 zokuthi-zokugqwala. Ingqalasizinda yokupholisa kufanele ilingane nomthamo webhethri, yengeze ubunkimbinkimbi kodwa ivumele ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kanye nempilo yomjikelezo omude.
Ukucatshangelwa Kwezomnotho Ezinqumweni Zokukala
Umnotho wokukala isitoreji sebhethri lezentengiso kudala izinto ezithokozisayo. Izindleko zekhephithali zakuqala zihlala zizinkulu-zisuka ku-$280 ukuya ku-$580 i-kWh ngayinye kumasistimu e-lithium-i-ion ngo-2025, nakuba ukufakwa okukhudlwana kungafinyelela ku-$180 kuya ku-$300 nge-kWh ngayinye.
Ukuqagela kwezindleko kusuka ku-NREL kuphakamisa ukwehla okuqhubekayo kuzo zonke izimo ezintathu. Ngaphansi kokuqagela okusesilinganisweni, izindleko zebhethri lezentengiso zizokwehla ngo-36% phakathi kuka-2022 no-2035, ngesilinganiso samazinga okunciphisa ngonyaka angu-2.8%. Isimo esithuthukisiwe sihlela ukuncishiswa kwezindleko ngama-52% ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Lezi zindleko ezinciphayo zenza amasu okuthunyelwa ngezigaba akhange. Ibhizinisi lingase lifake u-500 kWh ekuqaleni, bese likhula libe ngu-1 MWh njengoba izindleko zehla nezidingo zamandla zikhula. Kodwa-ke,{4}izindleko ze-kWh ngayinye zehla kakhulu ngobude nosayizi, okudala ukungezwani phakathi kwezindlela ezikhuphukayo nezihamba phambili.
Amathuba emali engenayo ayathuthuka ngokwesilinganiso. Amasistimu amakhulu angahlinzeka ngamasevisi egridi abaluleke kakhulu futhi afanelekele izinhlelo zokuphendula isidingo. E-UK, isitoreji se-BTM sizuze ukusebenza kwezentengiselwano ngaphandle kokuncika kosizo, kanye{2}}nenhlanganisela yebhethri yelanga{3}}etholakalayo eletha imbuyiselo ephakeme uma kuqhathaniswa namasistimu azimele.
Indaba yebhizinisi ngokuvamile idinga ukunqwabelanisa ukusakaza kwenani okuningi: ukushefa okuphezulu, ukushintshwa komthwalo, ukusetshenziswa kwakho{0}}okuvuselelekayo, amandla okwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni, kanye namasevisi egridi okungenzeka asekele. Isistimu engu-1 MWh esebenza ngezinjongo eziningi ikhiqiza imbuyiselo engcono kunesistimu engu-200 kWh ekhawulelwe kuhlelo lokusebenza olulodwa noma ezimbili.
Amamodeli-obunikazi bezinkampani zangaphandle azuze amandla, amelela u-48.2% wemakethe ngo-2024. Ngaphansi kwalezi zinhlelo, izinkampani zangaphandle zitshala imali, zifaka, futhi zinakekele amasistimu ebhethri kuyilapho amakhasimende efinyelela izinzuzo ngaphandle kwemali yokuqala. Le ndlela yehlisa izithiyo ekukhuliseni amabhizinisi anemali elinganiselwe noma ubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe.
Izithiyo Ezisebenzayo Ekwandiseni
Nakuba kukhula ngokobuchwepheshe, isitoreji sebhethri esithengiswayo sibhekana-nemikhawulo yomhlaba yangempela ebophezela amasayizi wokusebenza asebenzayo.
Izidingo Zesikhala Somzimba
Amasistimu ebhethri athatha indawo enkulu yaphansi noma adinga izindawo ezingaphandle ezizinikele. Isitoreji se-lithium{1}}yangaphandle sibhekene nemikhawulo yokulawula{2}}imvamisa engeqi amafidi-skwele angu-900 endaweni yesitoreji enemikhawulo yobude obungamafidi angu-10. Izindawo zokugcina eziningi kufanele zigcine ukuhlukana okungamamitha angu-10 ukuze kuphephe umlilo.
Ukufakwa kwasendlini kubhekana nezingqinamba eziqinile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziminyene zasemadolobheni lapho izindlu ezithengiswayo ziyala amanani entengo ephezulu. Isistimu engu-1 MWh ingase ithathe u-500-1,000 wamafidi-skwele kuye ngokucushwa, ukuncintisana nokusetshenziswa kwebhizinisi okukhiqiza imali.
Amandla Okuxhumana Kwegridi
Isevisi kagesi ekhona esakhiweni sezentengiselwano ivamise ukukhawulela usayizi wesistimu yebhethri. Ukwengeza umthamo omkhulu wesitoreji kungase kudinge ukuthuthukiswa kwesevisi yensiza, ukushintshwa kwesiguquli, noma izivumelwano ezintsha zokuxhumanisa. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa okuseceleni kwegridi{2}}kwengeza izindleko nobunkimbinkimbi obungenza ukukala kunqande ukudlula imikhawulo ethile.
Emuva--kumasistimu wamamitha kufanele ahambisane nemithwalo yezakhiwo ukuze kugwenywe ukweqa imikhawulo yokuxhuma. Ukusebenza komkhawulo wamandla ahlanganisiwe okusetshenziswa ama-opharetha egridi afana ne-CAISO iqinisekisa ukuthi imiyalelo yokuthunyelwa ayidluli le mikhawulo, kodwa lokhu kuphinde kubeke ukuthi amasistimu amakhulu angakhula kanjani ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda.
Ukuphepha kanye Nezinhlaka Zokulawula
Amakhodi okuphepha omlilo aya ngokuya abusa ukufakwa kwebhethri. I-NFPA 855, Izinga Lokufakwa Kwezinhlelo Zesitoreji Samandla Anyakazayo, ibeka izimfuneko zokutholwa komlilo, ukucindezelwa, kanye nokungena komoya okungalingani{2}}ngokuhambisana nosayizi wesistimu. Ukufakwa okukhudlwana kubangela izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile, okuhlanganisa amasistimu okulawula ukuqhuma nemibiko yokuphepha kobuchwepheshe.
Ezinye izindawo zikhawulela isitoreji sebhethri ngomthamo noma zidinga imvume ekhethekile ngale kosayizi. Isimo sezwe esilawulayo siyaqhubeka nokushintsha njengoba ukuthunyelwa kukhula, kudala ukungaqiniseki ngemikhawulo yokukala yesikhathi esizayo.
Ukwehliswa kokusebenza
Amasistimu ebhethri awonakala ngokuhamba ngebhayisikili nobudala. Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion ngokuvamile agcina u-70-80% womthamo we-nameplate ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-4,000. Njengoba amasistimu esilinganisa, ukugcina ukusebenza okungaguquki kuwo wonke amamojula wokuguga kuba yinselele. Amamojula afakwe ngezikhathi ezihlukene azoba namaphrofayili okuwohloka ahlukene, kube nzima ukusebenza kwe-BMS futhi okungenzeka kube nomkhawulo ekusebenzeni kohlelo lonke.
Ikhodi Yamandla Yase-California 2022 idinga amasistimu ebhethri entengiso ukuthi agcine u-70% womthamo we-nameplate ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-4,000 noma ngaphansi kwewaranti yeminyaka eyi-10. Ukuhlangabezana nalezi zidingo kuwo wonke amasistimu amakhulu, ahlukahlukene kwengeza inkimbinkimbi yokusebenza.
Okwesibili-Izinto Zokuphila Nezokugaya Kabusha
Imakethe yebhethri-yesibili evelayo inikeza indlela yokwehlisa{1}}ukukala kwezindleko. Imboni yakwa-Porsche's Leipzig ikhiphe isistimu engu-5 MW isebenzisa amabhethri okuphila angu-4,400 wesekhondi-esuka ezimotweni ze-Taycan, okubonisa ukuthi amabhethri e-EV ahloselwe kabusha angasebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zentengiso.
Nokho, ukuhlanganisa{0}}amabhethri empilo yesibili kwethula izinselele. Ukuhlola nokuhlunga amaseli amadala kudala izinkinga. Amasistimu okuphatha okushisayo aklanyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimoto angase angafanelani nesitoreji esimile. Ukuntuleka kokuxhumana okujwayelekile kuyo yonke imboni ye-EV kudala izinkinga zokusebenzisana lapho kuhlanganiswa amabhethri asuka emithonjeni eminingi.
Izibonelo-Zomhlaba Zangempela Zokukala
Ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kukhombisa ukuthi amasistimu okugcina amabhethri entengiso akala kanjani ekusebenzeni.
Indawo ye-Porsche's Leipzig ibonisa-ukusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso esikhulu. Uhlelo lwe-5 MW lugcina amandla asuka ku-9.4 MW wezinhlelo zelanga futhi lusekela ukushefa okuphezulu ukuze kwehliswe izindleko zegridi. Ukufakwa kusebenzisa iziqukathi zebhethri ze-cube ezixhunywe kuma-inverter nama-transformer kusistimu{5}}yevoltage emaphakathi. Idizayini ye-modular ivumela ukulungiswa okukodwa nokushintshwa ngaphandle{7}}ukuvalwa okubanzi kwesistimu.
Ukufakwa kwe-Tārgale Wind Park yaseLatvia ngabakwaHoymiles kulethe umthamo wokugcina ongu-20 MWh osekela ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla ahlanzekile. Le phrojekthi isebenzise iziqukathi zebhethri ezingu-44 MWh ezinamandla angu-3,450 kW wokuguqula amandla, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinwetshiwe{5}}zesilinganiso ngenkathi ibonisa ukukaleka kwenkundla yokugcina ibhethri.
E-United States, i-Gemini Solar Plus Storage Project e-Nevada ihlanganisa u-690 MW welanga ne-380 MW/1,416 MWh yokugcina ibhethri. Nakuba ngokobuchwepheshe kuwumsebenzi-iphrojekthi yesikali, imele umkhawulo ophezulu walokho okungafinyelelwa ngobuchwepheshe bokulondoloza ibhethri uma isetshenziswa esikalini.
Lokhu kuqaliswa kwabelana ngezici ezifanayo: ukwakheka kwemodular, ukuthunyelwa okufakwe emabhokisini, ukuphathwa okuhlanganisiwe kokushisa, nezinhlelo zokulawula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Bakhombisa ukuthi amasistimu okugcina amabhethri okuhweba akala ukusuka kumakhulu ama-kilowatts kuya kumakhulu ama-megawatts kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obufana ngokuyisisekelo.
Iqhaza LeKhemistry Nokuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe
Ikhemistri yebhethri ithinta kakhulu izici zokukaleka. I-lithium iron phosphate ibusa ukufakwa kwezentengiselwano ngenxa yephrofayili yayo yokuphepha nempilo yomjikelezo, nakuba amakhemikhali asekelwe ku-nickel{1}esesebenza kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Amabhethri agelezayo anikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile zokukala. Amabhethri agelezayo e-Vanadium redox ahlukanisa amandla namandla{1}amandla avela kusayizi wesitaki kuyilapho amandla evela kusayizi wethangi. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuvumela ukulinganiswa okuzimele kwamandla nobude besikhathi, nakuba izindleko eziphezulu zangaphambili zinokutholwa okulinganiselwe naphezu kweminyaka engu-30 yokuphila kanye nokuqina okuphakeme kokuhamba ngebhayisikili.
Amabhethri e-sodium-ioni ye-sodium amele enye indlela evelayo njengoba abakhiqizi besebenzela ukwehlisa izindleko ngaphansi kwamazinga e-lithium{1}}e-ion. Kodwa-ke, ukuminyana kwamandla kuhlala kuphansi, okuwenza afaneleke kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ezimile lapho izithiyo zesikhala zibalulekile kunezokuthutha.
Ushintsho lusuka ku-NMC luye kukhemistri ye-LFP lubonisa izinto eziza kuqala eziguqukayo. Ukufakwa kwezentengiso kubiza kakhulu ukuphepha, ukuphila isikhathi eside, kanye nezindleko ngaphezu kokuminyana kwamandla. Amasistimu e-LFP ngokuvamile ahlala iminyaka engu-8+ ngokuhamba ngebhayisikili nsuku zonke kuyilapho elondoloza ukuzinza okungcono kokushisa phakathi nemicimbi yokubaleka kokushisa.
Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka -kumabhethri e-state aqinile, amasistimu e-lithium-sulphur, namanye amakhemistri athuthukile athembisa ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu nokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe. Njengoba lobu buchwepheshe bukhula, bungase bunike amandla izixazululo zesitoreji sebhethri esihlangene futhi esikalayo.
Ukuhlanganisa Amandla Avuselelekayo
Isitoreji sebhethri sezentengiso sikala ngempumelelo kakhulu uma sibhangqwe nesiphehliso esivuselelekayo. I-Solar-plus{2}}inhlanganisela yesitoreji ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga afika izikhathi ezingu-2.5 ngaphezu kwe-standalone solar, okwandisa ngokumangalisayo isiphakamiso senani.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kubhekana nokuphazamiseka kwamandla avuselelekayo. Ukuphehlwa kwelanga okudlulele phakathi kwasemini kushaja amabhethri ukuze aphume ngezikhathi zesidingo esikhulu sakusihlwa. Idatha ye-California Independent System Operator ibonisa amabhethri agcina isimo esiphezulu-sokushajwa{3}}ngaphambi kwamahora aphakeme, abese eshajwa ngokushesha ukuze ahlangabezane nemizila yokufuna kwakusihlwa.
Amasistimu amaHybrid ahlanganisa-abeka amabhethri anelanga noma umoya endaweni eyodwa yokuxhumana enza lula ukuhlanganisa igridi futhi ehlise izindleko. Lokhu kufakwa kwabelana ngengqalasizinda njengama-transformer, ama-switchgear, kanye nezindawo zokuxhumanisa igridi, kwehlisa izindleko zephrojekthi zizonke ngo-10-15% uma kuqhathaniswa nokufakwa okuhlukene.
Cishe kumthamo webhethri ongu-9.2 GW ongezwe e-US ngo-2024, cishe u-6 GW bekungamaphrojekthi azimele kuyilapho u-3.2 GW bekungamasistimu ayingxube ngokuvamile-atholakala nelanga. Lesi silinganiso esingu-35% sokuhlanganisa sibonisa ukuqashelwa okukhulayo kokuthi isitoreji esivuselelekayo-sikanye{10}}sidala inani elikhulu kunanoma yibuphi ubuchwepheshe bubodwa.
I-Software kanye Nezinhlelo Zokulawula Njengama-Scaling Enablers
Isofthiwe ethuthukisiwe iya ngokuya inquma imikhawulo yokukala. Izinhlelo zesimanje zokuphatha amandla zixhumanisa ukusebenza kwebhethri nemithwalo yokwakha, ukukhiqiza okuvuselelekayo, izimo zegridi, nezintengo zemakethe ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinjongo eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ama-algorithms wokufunda komshini abikezela amaphethini okulayisha futhi athuthukise amashejuli wokushaja. Ukwengamela okususelwe kumafu{{1}kulandelela ukusebenza kukho konke ukufakwa okusabalalisiwe, okuvumela ukunakekelwa okuqagelayo kanye nokuhlonza ukuwohloka ngaphambi kokuthi kuthinte imisebenzi. Ukuxilongwa kwesilawuli kude kunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza ezingase zikhuphuke ngendlela engafanele ngesikali sesistimu.
Amapulatifomu e-Virtual power plant (VPP) ahlanganisa amasistimu okugcina amabhethri entengiso amaningi abe yizindiza ezihlanganisiwe ezihlinzeka ngamasevisi egridi. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuvumela amasistimu amancane ukuthi abambe iqhaza ezimakethe nezinhlelo ngokuvamile ezikhawulelwe ekufakweni okukhulu, okuvumela ngokuphumelelayo ukukala ngohleloxhumano kunokunwetshwa ngokomzimba.
Ikhono lokuvuselela nokuthuthukisa isofthiwe ukude lisho ukuthi amasistimu okulondoloza ibhethri entengiso angathola amakhono empilweni yawo yokusebenza. Isistimu efakelwe ukushefa okuphezulu okuyisisekelo ingase kamuva inikeze ukulawulwa kwemvamisa noma ibambe iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokuphendula isidingo njengoba isofthiwe ivula imisebenzi emisha.
Ukuqhathanisa Izilinganiso Zokuhweba Nezindawo Zokuhlala Nezokusetshenziswa
Ukuqonda ukukala kwesitoreji sebhethri esithengiswayo kudinga umongo ohlobene namanye amasegimenti emakethe.
Amasistimu okuhlala ngokuvamile asukela ku-5 kWh kuya ku-15 kWh{2}}okwanele ukuze anike amandla ikhaya phakathi namahora akusihlwa noma anikeze ikhophi yasenqolobaneni ngesikhathi sokucima. Lawa masistimu awavamisile ukuba abe ngaphezu kuka-30 kWh ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwamandla kagesi asekhaya kanye nezinkinga zesikhala. Imakethe yezindawo zokuhlala igxile ekululameni nasekuthandeni ubuhle kunokumodularity.
Isitoreji sebhethri lezentengiso sithatha indawo emaphakathi, sinikeza izinsiza ezinomthwalo kagesi ukusuka kumakhulu ama-kilowatts ukuya kumamegawathi amaningana. Lezi zinhlelo kufanele zilinganise ukulinganisa nezingqinamba ezingokoqobo njengesikhala esitholakalayo, umthamo wokuxhumana kwegridi, kanye nesabelomali. Indawo yobumnandi ivamise ukwehlela phakathi kuka-200 kWh no-2 MWh, nakuba ukufakwa okukhudlwana kunikeza izinsiza zezimboni.
Amasistimu okusebenza-esikalo aqala lapho amasistimu okuhweba egcina khona, kusukela kumashumi kuya kumakhulu ama-megawatt-amahora. Ukufakwa okukhulu kwe-US, indawo ye-Vistra's Moss Landing eCalifornia, inikeza amandla angu-750 MW. Lawa maphrojekthi amakhulu athatha amahektare amaningi futhi axhuma ngqo nengqalasizinda yokudlulisa.
Isegimenti ngayinye isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo be-lithium{0}}kodwa ithuthukiswa ngendlela ehlukile. Indawo yokuhlala ibeka phambili ukubumbana nokubukeka. Ezohwebo zigcizelela imodularity kanye{3}}namandla okusebenzisa okuningi. Usizo-isikali sigxile ezindlekweni eziphansi kakhulu nge-kWh ngayinye kanye negridi{6}}yezinga lezinkonzo.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Ungakwazi ukwengeza amabhethri engeziwe ohlelweni olukhona lokugcina lwentengiso?
Amasistimu amaningi esimanje asekela ukunwetshwa kwamandla ngokusebenzisa amamojula ebhethri engeziwe, ama-rack, noma iziqukathi. I-BMS kanye nezinhlelo zokuguqula amandla kumele zibe nomthamo owanele wokuphatha ukucupha okunwetshiwe. Isakhiwo sesistimu sinquma imikhawulo yokunwetshwa{2}}eminye imiklamo ithatha umthamo ophindwe kabili kuyilapho eminye inobukhulu obunqunyiwe.
Yini enquma usayizi omkhulu wokugcina ibhethri lezentengiso?
Isikhala esitholakalayo, amandla okuxhumana kwegridi, imithetho yendawo, nokucatshangelwa kwezomnotho kuvame ukukhawulela usayizi wesistimu. Ukufakwa kwezentengiso okuningi kuhlala ngaphansi kuka-5 MWh ngenxa yezinkinga ezingokoqobo, nakuba ezinye izikhungo zezimboni zisebenzisa amasistimu amakhulu. Izidingo zokuphepha ziba nzima kakhulu njengoba umthamo ukhula.
Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukukhulisa isistimu yebhethri?
Ukwengeza amamojula ohlelweni olukhona kakade kungase kuthathe izinsuku ukuya emavikini kuye ngobunkimbinkimbi. Ukufaka iziqukathi zebhethri ezintsha kudinga ukulungiswa kwesayithi, umsebenzi kagesi, kanye nokusetshenziswa okungadlulela ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Ukukala ngesofthiwe noma ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu kwenzeka ngokushesha{2}}ngezinye izikhathi emahoreni.
Ingabe ukukala kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu?
Amasistimu{0}aklanywe kahle agcina ukusebenza kahle njengoba umthamo ukhula. Ukuhamba kahle-okujikelezayo ngokuvamile kuhlala cishe ku-85% kumasistimu e-lithium{4}}kungakhathaliseki usayizi. Kodwa-ke, ukuphatha okushisayo kuba yinselele enkulu esikalini, futhi amasistimu amakhulu angase alahlekelwe kakhulu uma amasistimu okupholisa engalingani ngendlela efanele.
Imboni yokugcina ibhethri yezentengiselwano izuze ukulinganisa kwangempela ngedizayini yemojuli, ukwehla kwezindleko, nokuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe. Amasistimu akhula ngokuphumelelayo ukusuka ku-kilowatt-emahoreni ukuya ku-megawatt-emahoreni asebenzisa{3}}izakhiwo ezivimbayo ezigcina ukusebenza kuyilapho zivumela ukukhula. Izithiyo ezingokwenyama, zokulawula, nezomnotho zikhona kodwa azivamile ukuvimbela amabhizinisi ukuthi akhiphe amasistimu osayizi abafanele ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zawo.
Imizila yemakethe iphakamisa ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokubili ngokosayizi wesistimu ngayinye kanye namavolumu okuthunyelwa kwawo wonke. Njengoba izindleko zehla ngo-36-52% owengeziwe ngo-2035 nobuchwepheshe buthuthuka, isitoreji sebhethri esithengiswayo sizoba ingxenye evamile ekhulayo yengqalasizinda yamandla ebhizinisi. Umbuzo awukona ukuthi ingabe lezi zinhlelo ziyakala-ngokubonakalayo-kodwa kunalokho ukuthi amabhizinisi angasebenzisa kanjani kangcono lokhu kulinganisa ukuze athuthukise ukuphathwa kwamandla kanye nembuyiselo yezezimali.