Ukwehluleka okuyishumi kusolwa kumaseli ebhethri. Izehlakalo ezingamakhulu amathathu zihlobene nakho konke okunye. Lokho iqiniso elivela kunsizakalo-ekuhlaziyweni kwesitoreji samandla, ukuguqula indaba evamile mayelana nokuthi yini ngempela ephuka kumasistimu ebhethri. Izinkinga zokuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganiswa, nezokwakha{4}hhayi amabhethri ngokwawo{5}}zibangele izigameko eziningi ezingu-81 ezihlolwe ocwaningweni oluhlanganyelwe yinkampani yesofthiwe yebhethri i-TWAICE, i-Electric Power Research Institute, ne-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba i-US yengeze amagigawathi angu-10.4 wesitoreji sebhethri ngo-2024 kuphela, futhi onjiniyela baqhubeka nokuklama lezi zinhlelo njengokungathi ikhemistry iyingozi enkulu. Akunjalo. Isakhiwo esingabonakali esixhuma lawo mabhethri-izingxenye zesistimu yesitoreji samandla ebhethri elawula ugesi, izinga lokushisa, nezinqumo ze-millisecond{5}}zinquma ukuthi indawo igcina amandla ahlanzekile noma iba yisikweletu. Imililo yebhethri ye-lithium ingaphinda iqale ezinsukwini kamuva, futhi izigameko zakamuva ezifana nomlilo kaJanuwari 2025 Moss Landing ziphoqe izakhamizi eziyi-1,200 ukuthi ziphume amahora angama-24.
Ukuqonda ukuthi isistimu encane yesitoreji samandla ebhethri isebenza kanjani kusho ukuqonda izendlalelo zokulawula, okokusebenza kokuguqula, izilawuli ezishisayo, namanethiwekhi okuqapha aguqula amaseli ngamanye abe ingqalasizinda yesikali yegridi-. Lezi akuzona izesekeli. Ziwumehluko phakathi kokusebenza okuthembekile nokwehluleka okuyinhlekelele.
I-Architecture Akekho Okhuluma Ngayo: Yini Eyenziwa Amasistimu Angaphansi Ebhethri Empeleni
Amasistimu okugcina amandla ebhethri awagcini nje "ukushaja nokukhipha." Bahlela ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwe-electrochemistry, amandla kagesi, izimfuno zegridi, kanye ne-thermodynamics-konke okuphethwe amasistimu angaphansi abantu abaningi abakaze bawabone.
I-Core Battery Energy Storage Sub System Framework
Lonke isistimu ye-lithium{{0}esekelwe kusitoreji samandla igxile kumasistimu angaphansi amahlanu abalulekile: amamojula ebhethri, isistimu yokuphatha ibhethri (BMS), isistimu yokuguqulwa kwamandla (PCS), isistimu yokuphatha amandla (EMS), nokuphathwa kokushisa. Lezi zisebenza ngohlelo lapho ukwehluleka kunoma yiliphi izinga kwenzeka kukho konke ukufakwa.
Isistimu engaphansi yemojuli yebhethri iqukethe amaseli ahlelwe ngochungechunge oluthile-ukulungiselela okuhambisanayo. Amaseli ahlanganiswe abe amamojula, amamojula anqwabelane abe ama-rack, futhi ama-rack agcwala iziqukathi noma izindawo ezivalekile. Lokhu akuyona nje inhlangano{3}}imayelana nokufanisa izidingo ze-voltage ukuze kucaciswe i-inverter kuyilapho kugcinwa umthamo wamanje. Irekhi yesikali esivamile-ingase ibe namamojula angu-50, ngalinye liqukethe amaseli angu-12-24, wonke agadwa ngawodwana.
Kodwa nakhu lapho kuqala khona ukudideka: imojula yebhethri iyindawo yokugcina amandla. Amasistimu angaphansi azungezile anquma ukuthi lelo chibi lihlangana kanjani neqiniso.
Uhlelo Lokuphatha Ibhethri: Inethiwekhi Yokubhekwa Kweselula
Cabanga nge-BMS njengomsebenzi-wokugada wezigaba ezintathu. Amayunithi okuqapha ibhethri (ama-BMU) abuka amaseli ngamanye, amamojula okuphatha iyunithi yezinhlamvu zebhethri (i-SBMS) aqondisa amaqembu, futhi isilawuli esiyinhloko (MBMS) sixhumanisa lonke uhlelo{2}}nge-SBMS ngayinye esekela ama-BMU angafika kwangu-60.
Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba amaseli e-lithium awagugi ngokufanayo. Iseli elilodwa eliwohlokayo ngokushesha lidala ukungalingani kwamandla kagesi. Uma kungahloliwe, lokho kungalingani kuphoqelela ukushaja -kumaseli agcwele noma ngaphezulu{3}}kukhiphe abuthakathaka. I-BMS ivimbela lokhu ngokulinganisa kwamaseli okusebenzayo: inkokhelo yokusabalalisa kabusha ngama-resistors noma ama-capacitor ukuze kugcinwe ama-voltage ngaphakathi kwewindi elingu-50-millivolt ezinkulungwaneni zamaseli.
I-BMS iphinda ilinganisele amamethrikhi amabili abalulekile: I-State of Charge (SoC) ikutshela ukuthi yimaphi amaphesenti omthamo ahlala etholakala. I-State of Health (SoH) ibikezela ubude bempilo obusele ngokusekelwe ekonakaleni okulinganiselwe. I-BMS iqapha izinga lokushisa lamanje, i-voltage, kanye nezinga lokushisa ngenkathi ilinganisela i-SoC ne-SoH ukuze ivimbele izingozi zokuphepha futhi iqinisekise ukusebenza okuthembekile. Yenza lezi zibalo zibe zingalungile futhi ungase ushiye umthamo ungasetshenzisiwe noma ubangele ukuvalwa kokuvikela ngesikhathi samathuba aphezulu emali engenayo{3}}inselele evamile ekwakhiweni kwesistimu encane yokulondoloza amandla ebhethri.
Isistimu Yokuguqula Amandla: Isihumushi Esibonakalayo Segridi
Amabhethri agcina amandla e-DC, kodwa igridi isebenza nge-AC. I-PCS iguqula phakathi kwalokhu kusetshenziswa ama-inverters namamojula wamandla, ngokuhlanganisa kwesigaba okuqinisekisa ukuthi i-AC ivumelanisa nemijikelezo yegridi ukuze isebenze kahle kakhulu.
Lesi simiso esingaphansi senza okungaphezu kokuguqulwa kwamandla kagesi. Amayunithi e-PCS esimanje enza:
Ukuguqulwa kwe-Bidirectional:I-AC ukuya ku-DC ngesikhathi sokushaja (ukulungiswa), i-DC ukuya ku-AC ngesikhathi sokukhishwa (ukuguqulwa). Ukushintsha kwenzeka nge-IGBT (i-insulated-gate bipolar transistor) yamasekhethi ehamba ngamabhayisikili ngo-10-20 kHz.
Ukuphathwa kwamandla asebenzayo:Ngaphandle kwamandla angempela (akalwa ngama-kilowatts), i-PCS ijova noma imunce amandla asebenzayo (i-kilovolt-asebenzayo ama-amperes) ukuze kuzinzise ugesi wegridi. Le sevisi yokwengeza ikhiqiza imali engenayo ehlukene ne-arbitrage yamandla.
Ukuhlunga kwe-Harmonic:Ukuguqulwa kwamandla kudala ukuhlanekezela okuvumelanayo-okuphindaphindeka kwefrikhwensi engu-60 Hz enciphisa ikhwalithi yamandla. Izihlungi ezingenzi lutho zishelela lokhu ngaphambi kokufinyelela endaweni yokuxhuma kugridi.
I-PCS isebenza endaweni yokucindezeleka yegridi. Ingaqhutshwa-amasu asethiwe ngaphambilini, amasiginali angaphandle{2}}kumamitha esayithi, noma imiyalo evela ohlelweni lokuphatha amandla. Isikhathi sokuphendula sibalulekile: Izinkontileka zokulawula imvamisa yegridi zidinga impendulo yamandla egcwele phakathi kwamasekhondi angu-0.25 wesignali yokuchezuka.
Uhlelo Lokuphatha Amandla: I-Economic Optimizer
Ngenkathi i-BMS ivikela amaseli kanye ne-PCS ikhuluma negridi, i-EMS yenza imali. Lesi simiso esingaphansi sisebenzisa ama-algorithms okuthuthukisa abikezela ukusabalala kwentengo futhi anqume ukuthi uzokhokhiswa nini uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhishwa okusekelwe kumasignali emakethe, izibikezelo zesimo sezulu, kanye nemikhawulo yokusebenza.
Abaqhubi bebhethri basebenzisa isofthiwe enama-algorithms ukuze baxhumanise ukukhiqizwa kwamandla nezinhlelo zokulawula ngekhompuyutha, zithembele kudatha yemakethe yamandla ukuze baqonde izishayeli zokulayisha, ukuhlinzeka, nokuminyana. I-EMS ithola-izintengo zasendaweni zesikhathi sangempela, ihlola isimo senkokhiso, ilinganisela izindleko zokuwohloka ngomjikelezo ngamunye, futhi inquma imali engenayo{2}}yokukhulisa isenzo njalo ngemizuzu emi-5-15.
Lokhu kudala ukungezwani phakathi kwemali engenayo nokuphila isikhathi eside. Ukuhamba ngebhayisikili okujulile njalo kukhiqiza imali eyengeziwe kodwa kusheshisa ukuwohloka. I-EMS ibhalansisa lokhu ngokubala izindleko zokucekelwa phansi kwebhethri okungacacile (imvamisa u-$5-15 i-MWh ngayinye ngebhayisikili) kanye nokuthumela kuphela lapho ukusabalala kwentengo kudlula lowo mkhawulo.
Ukuphathwa Okushisayo: I-Silent Reliability Factor
Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion asebenza kahle kakhulu phakathi kuka-15℃no-35℃. Ngaphandle kwalelo windi, umthamo wehla nokuncipha kuyashesha. Izindawo ezivalekile zebhethri zifakwe amasistimu okulawula okushisayo ukuze kugcinwe amazinga okushisa ebhethri, agcinwe endaweni engashi, evikela isimo sezulu, izakhiwo ezilinganiselwe nge-UL-.
Izindlela zokupholisa ziyahlukahluka ngesilinganiso. Amasistimu okuhlala asebenzisa ukupholisa komoya okungashintshi namafeni. Ukufakwa kwezohwebo kwengeza izihibe zokupholisa eziwuketshezi ezizungeza i-glycol kumapuleti abandayo anamathiselwe kumarack ebhethri. Izinsiza-zesikali zihlanganisa amasistimu e-HVAC nezishintshisi zokushisa, ngezinye izikhathi ezidinga u-5-10% wesamba somthamo wesistimu ngokuphathwa kokushisa.
Ukusabalalisa izinga lokushisa kubaluleke kakhulu njengezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi. I-gradient engu-10℃kuwo wonke i-rack idala amazinga okuwohloka ahlukene. Amasistimu angaphansi athuthukisiwe ashisayo asebenzisa izinzwa eziningi zokushisa rack ngayinye futhi alungise izindawo zokupholisa ngokuzimela, avimbele izindawo ezishisayo ezinciphisa impilo ngeminyaka.
Inselele Yokuhlanganisa: Lapho Amasistimu Ehluleka Ngempela
Ukuhlanganiswa, ukuhlanganiswa, nokwakhiwa kwakuyimbangela evame kakhulu yokwehluleka kwe-BESS, kubalwa izehlakalo eziyi-10 kwezingu-26 ezinolwazi olwanele lokusola. Lokhu kuveza iqiniso elingakhululekile: amasistimu angaphansi ngamanye ayasebenza, kodwa ukuzenza zisebenze ndawonye kuseyinkinga enzima kakhulu embonini.
Kungani Ukuhlanganisa Kwehluleka
Izingxenye ze-BESS ezifana nezintambo ze-DC ne-AC, i-HVAC kanye nezinhlelo ezingaphansi zokucisha umlilo zivame ukunikezwa abathengisi abahlukene futhi aziklanyelwe ukusebenza ndawonye. I-BMS evela kumkhiqizi oyedwa ixhumana ngephrothokholi ye-CANbus. I-PCS ilindele i-Modbus. I-EMS ikhuluma nge-MQTT. Othile kufanele akhe ukuhumusha kwe-middleware phakathi kwalokhu{4}}kanye naleso sendlalelo sokuhumusha siba iphuzu lokuhluleka.
Ukubambezeleka kokuxhumana kuhlanganisa izinkinga. I-BMS ithola-izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kwama-millisecond angu-50. Ithumela umyalo wokuvala shaqa ku-PCS. Kodwa uma leyo siginali idlula esangweni le-EMS elinokubambezeleka okungama-200{{6}millisecond, i-PCS iyaqhubeka nokukhipha ikota{7}}isikhathi sesibili esanele ukuze ukubaleka okushisayo kuqale.
Ukugaywa phansi kudala okunye ukuhlanganiswa kwebhomu eligqitshwayo. Isistimu encane ngayinye inezidingo eziyisisekelo. Isistimu yokuphatha ibhethri igxila endaweni yokubeka. I-PCS isekela i-transformer. Lapho lezi zenza izihibe zomhlabathi, imisinga ejikelezayo ibangela amaphutha enkathazo noma, okubi nakakhulu, ifihla izimo zephutha langempela kuze kube ukwehluleka okuyinhlekelele.
I-Subsystem Hierarchy in Action
Cabanga ngomcimbi wokulawula imvamisa. Ifrikhwensi yegridi yehlela ku-59.92 Hz (ngaphansi kwethagethi engu-60 Hz). Nakhu okwenzeka kusistimu engaphansi yesitoreji samandla ebhethri eklanywe kahle:
I-EMS ithola isignalikusukela ku-opharetha wegridi ngohlelo lokuthumela oluzenzakalelayo (ukubambezeleka kwama-millisecond angama-50)
I-EMS ibuza nge-BMSukuze uthole isimo sokushaja esitholakalayo kanye ne-thermal headroom (ukubambezeleka kwe-20-millisecond)
I-EMS iyalela ama-PCSukuze ukhiphe ezingeni lamandla eliqondiwe (ukubambezeleka kwamasekhondi angu-30)
Ukushintsha kwe-PCSokukhiphayo kwe-inverter kulandela irempu-yesilinganiso sephrofayela (irempu yama-millisecond angu-500)
Amamonitha e-BMSama-voltage eseli ngesikhathi sokuphuma, ukulungisa ukulinganisa ngesikhathi-sangempela
Ukuphatha okushisayokwandisa ukupholisa okulindele ukukhiqizwa kokushisa (ukubambezeleka kwesekhondi elingu-2-3)
Isikhathi sokuphendula esiphelele: ngaphansi kwesekhondi elingu-1. Kodwa uhlelo olungaphansi ngalunye kufanele luqedele umsebenzi walo. I-BMS ayikwazi ukunikeza amandla amaseli angenawo. I-PCS ayikwazi ukuguqula ngokushesha kunokuvumela ama-transistors ayo. Isistimu ye-thermal ayikwazi ukuphendula ngokushesha ekukhiqizeni ukushisa.
Yingakho cishe u-19% wamaphrojekthi wesitoreji sebhethri ethola ukubuyisela okuncishisiwe ngenxa yezinkinga zobuchwepheshe kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula esingahleliwe. Isistimu engaphansi eyodwa engasebenzi kahle inyakaza kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani.
Izinqumo zokucushwa ezineshumi leminyaka-Nemiphumela ende
Izinketho ezimbili zezakhiwo zichaza ukusebenzisana kwesistimu engaphansi: I-AC-ihlanganiswe ne-DC{1}}ehlanganisiwe, kanye ne-topology emaphakathi nesabalalisiwe.
Amasistimu ahlanganisiwe we-AC{0}xhuma isitoreji sebhethri kuhlelo lwelanga ohlangothini lwe-AC, okusho ukuthi ngayinye ineziguquli ezizimele. I-BESS ine-inverter yayo ezinikele exhunywe ebhethrini. Lokhu kwenza ukubuyisela kube lula kodwa kudinga ukuguqulwa okuphindwe kabili (solar DC → AC → ibhethri le-DC → igridi ye-AC), ilahlekelwe ngo-8-12% ekulahlekeni okusebenzayo.
DC-amasistimu ahlanganisiweukwabelana nge-inverter phakathi kwe-solar nesitoreji, ukuxhuma ebhasini le-DC. Amasistimu ahlanganisiwe e-DC-asebenzisa i-inverter eyi-hybrid eyabiwe phakathi kwe-PV ne-BESS. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kuye ku-94-96% kodwa kudala ukuncika-uma isiguquli esihlanganyelwe sihluleka, kokubili i-solar nesitoreji akuxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi.
I-topology emaphakathiisebenzisa i-PCS eyodwa enkulu (2-5 MW) exhuma amarack ebhethri amaningi. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zemali kanye nezinyathelo kodwa kudala iphuzu elilodwa lokwehluleka.
I-topology esabalalisiweihlanganisa amayunithi e-PCS amancane (100-500 kW) ngamarack angawodwana. Lokhu kubiza u-15-20% ngaphezulu kodwa kuvumela ukuwohloka okuhle-ukwehluleka kwe-PCS eyodwa kuthinta leyo rack kuphela, hhayi ukufakwa konke.
Ukubambezeleka kokugunyazwa okusukela enyangeni eyodwa kuya kwezimbili kuvamile, okunye kunwebeka kuye ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili noma ngaphezulu, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezinkinga zokuhlanganisa okungaphezu kwezinkinga zobuchwepheshe nje. Lokhu kubambezeleka akugcini nje ngokuhlehlisa imali engenayo; isikhathi sokungenzi lutho esandisiwe ngaphambi kokusebenza kungehlisa isithunzi amabhethri ahlezi ezimeni eziphezulu zokushajwa.
Amasistimu angaphansi okuphepha: Ukufunda kokuthi Okungahambanga kahle
Kusukela ngo-2020, izehlakalo zokungaphumeleli kwe-BESS zehlile, kube nezigameko ezingu-15 ngo-2023, kodwa imililo yakamuva efana ne-Gateway Energy Storage e-San Diego ngoMeyi 2024 yaba nokuqubuka{4}}izinsuku eziyisikhombisa. Lezi zehlakalo zigqugquzele ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ezinhlelweni ezingaphansi zokuphepha.
Ukutholwa kwe-Thermal Runaway
Uma ibhethri lehluleka, izinga lokushisa leselula liyenyuka ngokushesha okukhulu-ngama-millisecond. Amandla agciniwe aphuma kungazelelwe, okudala amazinga okushisa angaba ngu-400℃ku-thermo{3}}chemical reaction engadingi umoya-mpilo.
Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kuncike esilinganisweni{{0}se{1}}sokushintsha kwezinzwa. Izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngo-5℃emzuzwini owodwa libonisa ukusebenza okuvamile. Izinga lokushisa eleqa ngo-5℃kumasekhondi ayishumi amasiginali asondele ekubalekeni okushisayo. Ukulimala komzimba, ukuwohloka ngenxa yamazinga okushisa adlulele, ukuguga, noma ukunganakekeli kahle kuphakathi kwezimbangela ezingase zenze ukubaleka okushisayo.
Amayunithi e-BMS athuthukile manje ahlanganisa:
{0}Inzwa yamaphoyinti amaningi wokushisa (inzwa eyodwa ngamaseli angu-4-6 esikhundleni semojuli ngayinye)
Ukuqapha ukucindezeleka kwe-voltage (ukuwa kwe-voltage ngaphansi komthwalo kwandulela imicimbi eshisayo)
Ukutholwa kwegesi (i-thermal runnaway ikhipha izinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo ezibonakalayo ngaphambi kwentuthu ebonakalayo)
Inselele yesistimu engaphansi: isivinini sokuthola ngokumelene nezinga elingelona iqiniso. Kuzwela kakhulu futhi ukufakwa kuvaliwe kusukela ekubhayisikilini kwesiphephetha-moya. Ukubekezelela kakhulu nokutholwa kuza sekwephuze kakhulu.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kokucindezela Komlilo
Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokulawula ukuvutha kwe-lithium-i-ion ukusebenzisa amanzi amaningi ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa ukuze ukusabela kunqamuke, noma ukuwayeka aphele. Kodwa umonakalo wamanzi udala ezawo izinkinga{2}}ukucwiliswa kwempahla kagesi enamandla kanye nokungcolisa imisele yesiphepho.
Izindlela zesimanje zokucindezela isendlalelo sokufakwa:
Isigaba sokutholwa:Izitholi zentuthu, izinzwa zokushisa, kanye ne-VESDA (I-Very Early Smoke Apparatus) kusetshenziswa amasampula omoya
Isigaba sokucindezela:Amasistimu e-aerosol (ezindawo ezivalekile), izikhukhula zegesi engasebenzi (i-nitrogen noma i-argon), nezinhlelo zokukhukhula kwamanzi
Isigaba sokuzihlukanisa:Imojula-ukunqanyulwa kwezinga,{1}}izixhumi ze-rack{1}}zezinga lokuxhumana, kanye nomlilo{2}}kukalwe imigoqo phakathi kwama-rack
Amasistimu angaphansi kufanele axhumanise. Ukutholwa kwegesi kubangela ukunqanyulwa kwemojula, okubonisa i-BMS ukuthi isabalalise kabusha umthwalo, okwazisa i-EMS ukuthi ihoxe ekuthumeleni imakethe, okuyala i-PCS ukuthi yehle{1}}konke ngaphambi kokuthi ukucindezela kusebenze. Ukulandelana kubalulekile. Ukwenza ukucindezela kusebenze ngenkathi kusanamandla kudala ubungozi bokuqhuma.
Amasistimu Angaphansi Kwedatha: I-Differentiator Ethule
U-20% wamasistimu esitoreji samandla ebhethri aqoqa kuphela-idatha yekhwalithi ephansi, ebukela phansi-ukuthembeka kwesikhathi eside kanye nenani lempahla. Lokhu akuyona{4}ikhwalithi yedatha yezemfundo enquma ukuthi ubona ukwehla kusenesikhathi noma ukuthole ngendlela eyinhlekelele.
Monitoring Architecture
I-Industrial BESS ikhiqiza amavolumu edatha emangalisayo. Isikhungo esingu-100 MWh esinokuqapha{2}} kwezinga leseli kukhiqiza:
50,{1}} izilinganiso ze-voltage ngomzuzwana
30,{1}} ukufundwa kwezinga lokushisa ngomzuzwana
10,{1}} izilinganiso zamanje ngesekhondi ngalinye
Amalogi okuxhumana aqhubekayo, imicimbi ye-alamu, nemiyalo yokulawula
Isistimu engaphansi yedatha kufanele ihlunge umsindo, icindezele ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ulwazi lokuxilonga, isitembu sesikhathi ngokunembile (ukunemba kwe-millisecond), idlulise ngokwethembeka, futhi igcine kahle. Kokubili ukuvama kokungena kwedatha nendlela yokudlulisela kuthinta ngokuphawulekayo ukunemba-kwedatha yokulungiswa okuphansi{2}}kungase kuhlanekezele amamethrikhi okusebenza ayinhloko futhi kusithe izimpawu zamaphutha angaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ukufakwa okuningi kungena ngo-1-izikhawu zesekhondi ukuze kuncishiswe umthamo wedatha. Kodwa izimo zephutha zivela ngama-millisecond. Ukonakala: ukuqapha okuphezulu{7}}okuqhubekayo okuphezulu ezingeni le-BMS ngokulungiswa okungu-100{10}millisecond, okudluliselwa endaweni. Hlanganisa ku-1{12}}isilinganiso esimaphakathi sesibili sesitoreji sezinga le-EMS. Gcina okumaphakathi kweminithi elingu-1 lokuthrendayo kwesikhathi eside. Kodwa gcina idatha enokulungiswa okuphezulu, futhi uyilondoloze lapho kuvela okudidayo.
Ukugcinwa Okubikezelwayo Ngedatha Yesistimu Engaphansi
O-opharetha abathuthukile bemba idatha yesistimu engaphansi ukuze bathole amaphethini okucekela phansi. Ukwenyuka kokumelana koxhumana nabo be-DC kwandulela ukwehluleka ngamaviki. Amasistimu okuphatha okushisayo adonsayo akhulisa ukuvala kwesihlungi sesignali yamandla. Amagagasi okukhipha i-PCS athuthukisa ukuhlanekezela kwe-harmonic axwayisa ngokuguga kwe-capacitor.
Amamodeli okufunda omshini aqeqeshelwe ukusebenzisana kwesistimu engaphansi angabikezela ukwehluleka emavikini angu-2-4 ngaphambi kokuqapha okungokwesiko okusekelwe ku-alamu. Lokhu kuguqula ukugcinwa kokulungiswa kusuka kokusebenza kabusha kuye kokuhleliwe, kunciphisa isikhathi sokuphumula esingahlelelwe sisuka ku-3-5% ngonyaka siye ngaphansi kuka-1%.
Amasistimu angaphansi kwezomnotho: Ukuthi Izakhiwo Ziyithinta Kanjani Imali Engenayo
Isitoreji sebhethri sizuza imali ngokusebenzisa imithombo yemali eminingi, ngayinye ifuna ukuziphatha okuhlukile kwesistimu engaphansi.
Amandla Arbitrage
Thenga okuphansi (ebusuku), thengisa kakhulu (isilinganiso sakusihlwa). Kuzwakala kulula. Kodwa iqiniso le-subsystem lidala izindleko zokungqubuzana:
Imikhawulo ye-BMS:Imijikelezo yokukhishwa ejulile isheshisa ukuwohloka. I-BMS ingase ivimbele ukukhipha okungaphansi kuka-20% SoC ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yebhethri, kwenze lowo mthamo ophansi ongu-20% ungatholakali ku-arbitrage.
Imikhawulo ye-PCS:Iziguquli zinezilinganiso eziphezulu zerempu (imvamisa u-10-20% womthamo ngomzuzu). Uma amanani enyuka kungazelelwe, i-PCS ayikwazi ukuthwebula amaminithi ambalwa okuqala amanani aphezulu ngenkathi ikhuphuka.
Imikhawulo yokushisa:Ezinsukwini ezishisayo zasehlobo-lapho izintengo ziba phezulu kakhulu{1}imikhawulo yezinga lokushisa elizungezile ikhipha amandla. Isistimu engaphansi eshisayo ayikwazi ukupholisa ngokushesha ngokwanele, okuphoqa i-EMS ukuthi inciphise okukhiphayo ngo-15-25% ngokunembile lapho imali engenayo ifinyelela phezulu.
Lokhu akukona okucatshangelwayo. Abasebenzisa ibhethri kufanele balawule ubungozi bokunikeza amandla ezimakethe ngenkathi bebhida ukuthenga lawo mandla kusenesikhathi, nokudala ubungozi obuhlobene. Umkhawulo wesistimu engaphansi ovimbela ukukhishwa okugcwele ngesikhathi sokwenyuka kwentengo uguqula imali engenayo yansuku zonke engu-$50,000 elindelwe ibe ngu-$35,000-a 30% ukugunda izinwele kusukela emigomeni yezakhiwo.
Ukulawula Imvamisa
Isitoreji sebhethri singashintsha sisuke kokubekwe eceleni siye emandleni agcwele ngaphansi kwesekhondi ukuze sibhekane nezimo eziphuthumayo zegridi, siyenze ifaneleke ukulawula imvamisa. Kodwa le sevisi ehambisanayo igcizelela amasistimu angaphansi ngendlela ehlukile kune-arbitrage.
Ukulawula kudinga ukushajwa njalo nokushajwa-ukusabela kumasiginali okukhiqiza okuzenzakalelayo njalo ngemizuzwana emi-4. Ibhethri elenza imvamisa yokulawula ingase isebenzise imijikelezo engu-10,000 -nsuku zonke uma kuqhathaniswa nemijikelezo engu-1-2 egcwele ye-arbitrage.
Lokhu kudala amaphethini okugqoka esistimu engaphansi:
I-BMS:Amasekhethi okulinganisa amaseli asebenza ngokuqhubekayo, ama-resistors okushisa ashisisayo
Ama-PC:Ama-Transistors ashintsha kaningi, asheshisa ingcindezi kagesi
Okushisayo:Ukugeleza kwamandla okuqhubekayo kukhiqiza ukushisa okungaguquki okudinga ukupholisa okuqhubekayo
Amamojula ebhethri:Ukulahlekelwa amandla okuvela-kumijikelezo emincane kuyahluka-kumamodeli wokuwohloka komjikelezo ojulile
Imali engenayo nge-MW ngayinye ingaphezulu (ngokuvamile i-2-3x arbitrage), kodwa izindleko ezisobala ezivela ekonakaleni okusheshisiwe nazo ziphakeme. I-subsystem architecture inquma ukuthi lokhu kuhwebelana kuyaphuma yini.
I-Emerging Subsystem Technologies Ema Kabusha Imboni
Izinselelo Eziqinile-Zokuhlanganiswa Kwesifunda
Amabhethri esimo esiqinile-athembisa ukuphepha okungcono nokuminyana kwamandla, kodwa adala ubuhlungu bekhanda bokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu yokulondoloza amandla ebhethri. Amabhethri esimo esiqinile-athembisa ukuphepha okungcono, ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, nokuphila okude, okungase ehlise zonke izindleko zesistimu.
Ama-BMS amanje enziwe azungeze izindlela zokuhluleka kwe-electrolyte ewuketshezi. Amaseli wesimo aqinile-ahluleka ngendlela ehlukile{2}}ukukhula kwe-lithium dendrite esikhundleni sokubaleka okushisayo, ukuqhekeka komshini esikhundleni sokuvuza kwe-electrolyte. Ukuhlanganisa{4}}amaseli ezwe aqinile kudinga amasu okuqapha aklanywe kabusha, izindlela ezihlukene zokulinganisa, nokuphathwa kokushisa okulungisiwe.
I-PCS, nokho, ayinandaba namakhemikhali e-electrolyte. Ibona i-voltage ne-current kuphela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi{2}}amabhethri esimo esiqinile angakwazi ukungena kabusha ekufakweni okukhona ngokushintshanisa amamojula kuyilapho egcina ukuguqulwa kwamandla nokulawula amasistimu angaphansi. Kodwa i-BMS kumele ithuthuke kakhulu.
I-AI-Driven Energy Management
Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa nokufunda kwemishini kuhlanganiswa kumasistimu okuphatha amandla ukuze kunikwe amandla-ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela, ukunakekelwa okubikezelwayo, nokusebenza okuphelele. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa umthetho-okusekelwe emthethweni (ukhokhise uma inani elingu-< $30/MWh), amasistimu e-AI abikezela:
Ukusabalalisa kwamathuba emali engenayo
Amajika ezindleko zokuwohloka asekelwe kuzinga lokushisa nokujula komjikelezo
Isicelo sesevisi yegridi okungenzeka sibe ngaphezu kwamahora angama-24-48
Umthamo ophelele wokugodla ukuze uzibambele-imicimbi yenani eliphezulu
Lokhu kushintsha i-EMS isuke kokusebenzayo iye kokungenzeka. I-EMS yendabuko ibona inani elingu-$50/MWh futhi inquma ukuyikhipha. I-AI EMS ibona inani elingu-$50/MWh, ibikezela amathuba angu-70% wezintengo ezingu-$80/MWh emahoreni angu-2, icabangela i-SoC yamanje nesimo sokushisa, futhi inquma ukubamba-ukwenza u-$30/MWh ngaphezulu lapho ukubikezela kugcwaliseka.
Inselele yesistimu engaphansi: I-AI idinga ikhwalithi yedatha u-20% wamasistimu anganikezi okwamanje. Udoti ngaphakathi, ukuphuma kukadoti kusebenza ikakhulukazi ekufundeni ngomshini.
I-Hybrid Energy Storage Systems
Ama-Hybrid Energy Storage Systems ahlanganisa amabhethri nobuchwepheshe obufana nama-supercapacitor-kuyilapho amabhethri egcina amandla amakhulu isikhathi eside, ama-supercapacitor ahamba phambili ekushajisweni/kukukhipha imijikelezo esheshayo.
Lokhu kudala isendlalelo esisha sesistimu yesitoreji samandla ebhethri: ukwabiwa kwamandla. Uma isignali yokulawula ifika, ingabe kufanele ikhiphe amandla ebhethri noma amandla e-supercapacitor? Ama-Supercapacitor aphatha-ukushintshashintsha kwesibili (amakhulu emijikelezo ngehora) kuyilapho amabhethri ephatha ukuchezuka okuqhubekayo (amaminithi ukuya emahoreni).
Isilawuli esiyingxube sihlala phakathi kwe-EMS kanye nezinhlelo ezingaphansi zokulondoloza ngazinye, sabela imiyalo yamandla ngokusekelwe kokuqukethwe imvamisa. -Izingxenye zefrikhwensi ephezulu (ngaphezulu kuka-0.1 Hz) umzila oya kuma-supercapacitor. Umzila wezingxenye{4}}eziphansi oya kumabhethri. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuphila kwebhethri ngo-40-60% kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zokulawula kuyilapho kugcinwa isivinini sokuphendula.
Ukuklama Ukuqina Kwesistimu Engaphansi: Izifundo Ezivela Enkambini
Izimiso ezintathu zokuklama zihlukanisa ukufakwa okusebenza ekutholakaleni okungu-97-99% kulokho okudonsa kanzima ku-85-90%.
I-Redundancy Lapho Ibalulekile (Hhayi Yonke Indawo)
Amabhethri angasasebenzi ayabiza futhi ahlula inhloso-okhokhela ngayo umthamo ongakwazi ukuwudayisa. Kodwa ukudinwa kabusha kwesistimu engaphansi kuyakhokha:
Izilawuli ze-EMS ezimbili:Okukodwa okulindile, okukodwa okulindile okufudumele. Yehluleka ngaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-30. Izindleko: $15,000 eyengeziwe. Imali engenayo ivikelwe-ekufakweni kwesilawuli ngeviki elide: $500,{8}}
+1 Ukucushwa kwe-PCS:Amayunithi amane e-1-MW PCS omthamo we-3 MW isiyonke esikhundleni seyunithi eyodwa engu-3-MW. Eyodwa iyahluleka, uku-75% umthamo, hhayi zero. I-premium yezindleko: 18%. Ukuthuthukiswa kokutholakala: 6-8%.
Izindlela zokuxhumana ezingadingekile:Ukuxhumeka okuyinhloko ngefayibha, ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni ngemodemu yeselula. Lapho i-fiber isikwa ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa eduze (kwenzeka ngaphezu kwalokho obungacabanga), isipele seselula sigcina ukusebenza okuyisisekelo. Izindleko: $3,000. Isikhathi sokuphumula sivinjiwe: cishe izinsuku.
Yini engadingi ukuphindaphinda: amamojula ebhethri ngamanye. Uma omunye ehluleka, abanye bavele bazibambele mathupha. Ngaphezu-isibalo samamojula sosayizi "uma kwenzeka" simosha imali enkulu.
Observable Systems Beat Reliable Systems
Awukwazi ukulondoloza lokho ongakwazi ukukukala. Imiklamo yesistimu engaphansi ehamba phambili ibeka phambili ukubonakala:
Amadeshibhodi-esikhathi sangempelaebonisa ukuhamba kwamandla, izifunda zesistimu engaphansi, nokusabalalisa okushisayo
Ukubeka kuqala i-alamu(okubalulekile/isexwayiso/ulwazi) ukuvikela ukukhathala okuqwashile
Amathuluzi okuhlaziya ithrendiukwemboza ukusebenza kwangempela ngokumelene nokuwohloka okubikezelwe
Ukudlala iphuthaukuvumela okuthunyelwe{0}ukubuyekezwa kwesigameko sokusebenzisana kwesistimu engaphansi okuholela ekuhlulekeni
Ukubambezeleka kokuthunyelwa kwemisebenzi kuqala kusukela enyangeni eyodwa kuye kwezimbili ngokujwayelekile, abasebenzi abangenalwazi ngezikhathi ezithile benza amaphutha abuyisela amaphrojekthi emuva. Amasistimu abonakalayo avumela opharetha abancane ukuthi baqonde ukuthi kwenzakalani ngaphambi kokuthi adale izinkinga.
Isofthiwe-Ingqalasizinda Echaziwe
Ukufakwa okuqina kakhulu kuphatha amasistimu angaphansi njengesofthiwe-echazwe kunehadiwe{1}}enqunyiwe. I-BMS isebenza nge-firmware evuselelekayo. I-EMS isebenzisa ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakwe emabhokisini. I-logic yokulawula ihlala kumafayela okumisa, hhayi amakhodi aqinile.
Lapho okulindelwe abakhiqizi kumabhethri e-sodium-e-ion epholiswa njengoba amanani e-LFP eqhubeka nokuthambekela okuyehlayo, ukufakwa okunesofthiwe-izakhiwo ezichaziwe kungase kuhlele kabusha ama-algorithms wokushaja amakhemistri ahlukene ngezibuyekezo ze-firmware esikhundleni sokushintshwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompyutha.
Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kunobubi: ukuchayeka ku-cybersecurity kuyanda ngamandla wokubuyekeza okude. Isakhiwo sesistimu ye-BESS manje kufanele sibhekane nezinhlobo zokuhlasela kanye nemiphumela engase ibe khona, enekhono nomthelela omubi wokungasebenzi kahle kwengxenye kuhlolwe ngokucophelela. Yonke i-software-echaziwe yesistimu engaphansi iba indawo yokuhlasela.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwesistimu yokuphatha ibhethri kanye nesistimu yokuphatha amandla?
Isistimu yokuphatha ibhethri (BMS) ivikela amaseli ngamanye ngokuqapha i-voltage, izinga lokushisa, kanye namandla kuseli noma ileveli yemojula. Ivimbela izimo zokusebenza ezingaphephile futhi ilinganisela impilo yebhethri. Isistimu yokuphatha amandla (EMS) ithuthukisa ukusebenza komnotho kwesikhungo sonke ngokunquma ukuthi uzoshajwa nini noma ukhishwe nini ngokusekelwe kumanani emakethe, amasignali egridi, kanye nezingqinamba zokusebenza. I-BMS isebenza ngama-millisecond timescales agxile ekuphepheni; I-EMS isebenza ngomzuzu{3}kuya{4}}kuzilinganiso zehora ezigxile emalini engenayo. Zombili zibalulekile, kodwa zenza imisebenzi ehluke ngokuphelele.
Kungani amasistimu okugcina ibhethri edinga ukuphathwa okushisayo uma amabhethri esebenza ekamelweni lokushisa?
Amabhethri ahlushwa ukuguga komjikelezo, noma ukonakala okubangelwa ukushaja{0}}imijikelezo yokukhipha, esheshisa kakhulu ngaphandle kwamazinga okushisa afanele. Iseli ye-lithium-esebenza ngo-45℃yehla ngokuphindwe kabili kuneyodwa eku-25 degree. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, ukungalingani kwezinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwesistimu yebhethri kudala ukuwohloka kwamaseli ngamanani ahlukene, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla kanye nezingozi ezikhulayo zokuphepha. Ukuphatha okushisayo akukhona nje ukupholisa{7}}ukugcina izinga lokushisa elifanayo ezinkulungwaneni zamaseli ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi aguga ndawonye futhi ahlala elinganiselwe.
Ingabe amasistimu angaphansi kwebhethri avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene angasebenza ndawonye?
Yebo, kodwa ngezixwayiso. Izingxenye ze-BESS ezifana ne-DC ne-AC wiring, i-HVAC, nezinhlelo ezingaphansi zocindezelo lomlilo zivame ukunikezwa abathengisi abahlukene futhi aziklanyelwe ukusebenza ndawonye. Izimiso zokuxhumana ezijwayelekile (i-Modbus, i-CANbus, i-DNP3) zivumela ukusebenzisana okuyisisekelo, kodwa izici ezithuthukile ngokuvamile zidinga izivumelwano zobunikazi. Ukuhlolwa kokuhlanganisa kuba bucayi-abasebenzi abangenalwazi noma amaphutha okuhlanganiswa aba nomthelela ekubambezelekeni okujwayelekile kokusebenza kwenyanga eyodwa kuya kwezimbili. Izixazululo{6}}ezihlanganisiwe zangaphambili ezivela kubahlinzeki abangabodwa zibiza kakhulu kodwa zehlisa ubungozi bokusebenzisa.
Ingabe amasistimu okuguqula amandla akusingatha kanjani ukuqedwa kwebhethri ngesikhathi somcimbi wokuphuma?
Amayunithi esimanje e-PCS ahlanganisa ama-ramp{0}ehlayo ayinkimbinkimbi. Njengoba isimo sokushaja sisondela kumkhawulo omncane (ngokujwayelekile u-10-20%), i-BMS ithumela izexwayiso ezithweswe iziqu ku-EMS, eyala i-PCS ukuthi yehlise amandla okukhiphayo kancane kancane. Kunokuba kuvalwe kungazelelwe{{5}okungashaqisa igridi-amarempu e-PCS ukusuka ku-100% kuya ku-80% kuya ku-60% ngaphezu kwamasekhondi angu-30-60, okunikeza opharetha begridi isikhathi sokuletha ezinye izinsiza ku-inthanethi. Ukunqanyulwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo kukhona ukuze kuphephe, kodwa ukusebenza okuvamile kuqinisekisa ukuwohloka okuhle kunokunqanyulwa kungazelelwe.
Kwenzekani uma i-rack rack eyodwa yebhethri ihluleka ekufakeni okukhulu?
Isistimu iyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngomthamo owehlisiwe. Amarack ebhethri axhuma ngokuhambisana, ngakho uma eyodwa inqamula, amanye agcina ukugeleza kwamandla. I-BMS ihlukanisa i-rack ehlulekile ngokusebenzisa izixhumi{2}}ezishintshayo ze-electromechanical eziyinqamula ngokoqobo ebhasini le-DC. I-EMS ithola isaziso sokuncishiswa kwamandla atholakalayo futhi ilungise amabhidi emakethe ngokufanele. I-PCS "ayiboni" ama-rack angawodwana, kuphela ingqikithi ye-DC voltage kanye namanje, ngakho-ke ijwayela ngokuzenzakalelayo kunoma imaphi amandla ama-rack asele angawanikeza. Imali engenayo iyancipha ngokulingana nomthamo olahlekile, kodwa ukufakwa kuhlala kusebenza ngenkathi ukulungiswa kuqhubeka.
Sinembe kangakanani isimo sokushaja kanye nezilinganiso zesimo sezempilo kumasistimu ebhethri langempela?
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo, izilinganiso ze-SoC zithola ukunemba okungu-2-3%. Ezimweni zenkambu ezinokuhlukahluka kwezinga lokushisa, ukuguga, nemithwalo eguqukayo, ukunemba kuyehla kuze kufike ku-5-8%. Izilinganiso zesimo sezempilo azinembe kangako{12}}ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-10% womthamo wangempela osele. Lokhu kungaqiniseki kuphoqelela ukusebenza okuvamile: uma i-BMS ilinganisela u-80% we-SoC ngokuzethemba okungu-±5%, i-EMS ithatha umthamo otholakalayo njengo-75% ukugwema ukukhipha ngokweqile ngephutha. Ukuthuthukisa lezi zilinganiso ngokwenza amamodeli angcono kanye nokulinganisa kwesikhathi sangempela kuhlala kuyindawo yocwaningo esebenzayo, njengoba iphesenti ngalinye le-conservatism engamanga libiza amakhulu ezinkulungwane emali engenayo minyaka yonke ekufakweni okukhulu.
Ingakanani impilo ejwayelekile yamasistimu angaphansi ahlukene?
Amamojula ebhethri ngokuvamile agunyaza iminyaka engu-10-15 noma 4,000-imijikelezo engu-6,000-noma yikuphi okuza kuqala. Amasistimu okuguqula amandla ahlala iminyaka eyi-15-20 ngokulungiswa kwezikhathi ezithile (ukushintsha i-capacitor njalo eminyakeni emi-5-7, ukushintshwa kwabalandeli okupholisa njalo eminyakeni emi-3-5). Amasistimu okulawula nesofthiwe anesikhathi sokuphila esingapheli kodwa adinga ukubuyekezwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka engu-2-3 ukuze kugcinwe ukuhambisana nokuphepha. Ihadiwe yokuphatha okushisayo (amayunithi e-HVAC, abalandeli, amaphampu) isebenza ngemijikelezo yeminyaka eyi-10-15 ngokulungiswa konyaka. Ukungafani esikhathini sokuphila kudala isu lokushintsha imojuli-okulindeleke ukuthi libuyisele amamojula ebhethri izikhathi ezingu-1-2 kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuguqulwa kwamandla nokulawula ingqalasizinda phakathi nempilo yephrojekthi yeminyaka engu-30.
Umbono we-Subsystem ushintsha yonke into
Isitoreji sebhethri akuyona nje ikhemistri. Kuwukuhlanganiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuqapha, ukulawula, ukuguqulwa, ukuphatha okushisayo, nezinhlelo zokuphepha{1}}ngalinye elinezindlela ezihlukile zokuhluleka, izidingo zokunakekela, kanye nemikhawulo yokusebenza.
Naphezu konyaka ongu-55%-wokukhula{2}konyaka ekufakweni kwe-BESS yomhlaba wonke okwengeza u-69 GW/169 GWh ngo-2024, imboni isabhekene nezinselelo zokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu engaphansi yokugcinwa kwamandla ebhethri. Indaba evamile yokuthi ukwehluleka cishe konke kubangelwa amamojula ebhethri ayinembile{7}}izigameko eziningi zilandela ibhalansi-ye{9}}yezingxenye zesistimu nezinkinga zokuhlanganisa.
Ukuqonda amasistimu amancane esitoreji samandla ebhethri kuguqula indlela ohlaziya ngayo ukufakwa, ukubikezela ukwehluleka, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza, nokuqina kwedizayini. Amaseli ebhethri ahlinzeka ngamandla, kodwa amasistimu angaphansi ahlinzeka ngokwethembeka, ukuphepha, kanye nenani lezomnotho. Embonini lapho cishe u-19% wamaphrojekthi ethola izinzuzo ezincishisiwe ezivela ezinkingeni zobuchwepheshe, izakhiwo zesistimu engaphansi ngokuvamile zihlukanisa ukufakwa okuphumelelayo kusukela ekuphoxekeni okubizayo.
Izenzo ezintathu eziqondile zithuthukisa ukusebenza kwesistimu engaphansi ngokushesha:
Sebenzisa{0}}ukuqapha izinga leselilapho ibhajethi ivumela-imojula{1}}ukuqapha izinga kugeje izinkomba zokwehluleka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi ezivezwa idatha yeseli{2}}yezinga.
Beka kuqala ukuhlolwa kokuhlanganiswangesikhathi sokusebenza-ukubambezeleka kwenyanga eyodwa kuya kwezimbili kuvamile, ngezinye izikhathi kudlulela ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili ngenxa yezinkinga zokuhlanganisa, kodwa ukuhlola okuphelele kuvimbela izinkinga ezinkulu kamuva.
Misa izisekelo zekhwalithi yedathakusukela osukwini lokuqala-u-20% wamasistimu aqoqa kuphela{2}}idatha yekhwalithi ephansi ebukela phansi ukuphathwa kwempahla yesikhathi eside.
Isitoreji samandla ebhethri sizoqhubeka sikhula-abathuthukisi bahlela u-18.2 GW wokusetshenziswa{2}}kwezengezo zebhethri zesikali ngo-2025. Kodwa isikali sikhulisa izinselele zesistimu engaphansi kunokuzixazulula. Ukufakwa okuphumelelayo kuzoba yilezo ezilawula ukwakheka okungabonakali okuxhuma amabhethri kumagridi, ukuphepha kwezomnotho, kanye nokulawula{5}}kwangempela kwesikhathi kuya{6}}nokwethenjelwa kwesikhathi eside.
Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile
Ukwehluleka kwebhethri kubangela izigameko ezimbalwa ze-BESS-zokuhlanganiswa, ukuhlanganisa, nokulawula izinkinga zesistimu kubangela izinkinga eziningi
Amasistimu angaphansi amahlanu ayisisekelo achaza ukusebenza kwesistimu: amamojula webhethri, i-BMS, i-PCS, i-EMS, nokuphathwa okushisayo, ngalinye lisebenza ngezilinganiso zezikhathi ezihlukene.
Izinketho zesakhiwo se-subsystem (i-AC vs. DC coupling, i-centralized vs. distributed topology) ineminyaka eyishumi{2}}imali engenayo ende kanye nemithelela yokuthembeka.
Ikhwalithi yedatha inquma ukuthi ukunakekelwa okubikezelwayo kungenzeka yini-u-20% wamasistimu aswele ukulungiswa kokuqapha okwanele
Amasistimu angaphansi okuphepha kufanele axhumanise ukutholwa, ukucindezelwa, kanye nokulandelana kokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngemithetho ethile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhuphuka.
Ukusebenza komnotho kuncike ekutheni amasistimu angaphansi azisingatha kanjani izimfuno ezingqubuzanayo-eziphezulu