Isho ukuthini i-lithium-yebhethri ye-electrolyte ye-ion?

◆Ayini ama-electrolyte aqueous?

◆Isingeniso kuma-Solid Electrolytes

I-electrolyte, ingxenye ebalulekile yeamabhethri e-lithium-ion, idlala indima ebalulekile emijikelezweni yokushajwa-yebhethri.

Akuyona nje isibopho sokuthuthwa okuphumelelayo kwe-lithium ion kanye nokuqhutshwa kwamanje, kodwa futhi inezinto zokufakelwa kwe-elekthronikhi ukuze kuvinjwe ngempumelelo ukugeleza kwe-electron phakathi kwama-electrode amahle namabi. Ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, i-electrolyte ifana "negazi" ngaphakathi kwebhethri ye-lithium-ye-ion, eqinisekisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo zikagesi eziphozithivu nezingezinhle, ngaleyo ndlela iqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kahle kwayo yonke inqubo{2}}yokukhipha.

I-electrolyte ekahle yebhethri ye-lithium-ye-ion kufanele ihlangabezane nezimfuneko ezinhlanu ezilandelayo:

Ngezidingo{0}ezikhulayo ezihlala zikhuphuka zokuminyana kwamandla ebhethri nokuminyana kwamandla, ubuchwepheshe bebhethri buthuthuka ngokushesha, futhi izinto ezisetshenziswa ngama-electrode zenze inqubekelaphambili emangalisayo. Ngokuphambene, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ze-electrolyte kusalele emuva. Okwamanje, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-electrolyte ebhethri ye-lithium{3}}ingahle ihlukaniswe kabanzi ngezinhlobo ezintathu: -ama-electrolyte ancibilikayo angenamanzi, ama-aqueous electrolyte, nama-electrolyte{5}}aqinile.

I-electrolyte-engeyona i-aqueous solvent

 

Ama-electrolyte angewona-ama-aqueous solvent electrolyte kumabhethri e-lithium-i-ion abhekisela kumasistimu e-electrolyte anganawo amanzi, akhiwe ikakhulukazi izincibilikisi, izincibilikizo (ngokuvamile usawoti we-lithium), nezithasiselo. Lezi-ezincibilikisa amanzi ngokuvamile ziyizincibilikisi zemvelo, kunezincibilikisi ezinamanzi, ukuze kugwenywe i-electrolysis yamanzi noma ukusabela okungekuhle ngezinto ze-electrode. Usawoti we-lithium yiwona ophethe izinto zokuthutha i-lithium-ze-ion, izincibilikisi zisebenza njengokuhlakazeka, ukusabalalisa, nokusekela usawoti we-lithium, futhi izithasiselo zisebenza ngokuyinhloko ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-electrochemical noma ukuphepha kwamabhethri e-lithium-i-ion.

Ama-electrolyte atholakala ngokwentengiso (okungukuthi, ama-electrolyte anguketshezi) asetshenziswa ku-lithium{2}}amabhethri e-ion akhiwa ngokuyinhloko usawoti we-lithium owodwa noma ngaphezulu oncibilikiswe kuzincibilikisi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu eziphilayo; ama-electrolyte akhiwe i-solvent eyodwa ayivelakancane kakhulu. Isizathu sokusebenzisa izincibilikisi eziningi ukuthi{4}}amabhethri omhlaba angempela anezidingo ezihlukile, ngisho eziphikisanayo, okunzima ukuhlangabezana nazo kusetshenziswa isinyibilikisi esisodwa. Isibonelo, ama-electrolyte angase adinge i-fluidity ephezulu ngenkathi futhi ene-dielectric constant constant; ngakho-ke, ama-solvents anezakhiwo ezahlukene ze-physicochemical avame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa, abonise izici ezihlukahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usawoti we-lithium ngokuvamile awusetshenziswa kanyekanye ngoba ukukhethwa kosawoti we-lithium kunomkhawulo, futhi izinzuzo zabo azibonakali kalula.

Izinyibilikisi ezifanele zemvelo kufanele zibe nalezi zakhiwo ezibalulekile ezilandelayo: Okokuqala, zidinga i-dielectric njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlakazeka okuhle kosawoti we-lithium; okwesibili, kufanele babe nephuzu eliphansi lokuncibilika kanye nephuzu eliphezulu lokubilisa ukuze bandise izinga lokushisa lokusebenza le-electrolyte; okwesithathu, i-viscosity ephansi isiza ukukhuthaza ukufuduka okusebenzayo kwe-lithium ion phakathi; futhi ekugcineni, lezi zinyibilikisi kufanele zingabizi futhi zibe nobuthi obuphansi (okungafanelekile-kungabi nobuthi). Izithako ze-carbonate, njengenye yezincibilikisi eziphilayo zakuqala nezisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yebhethri ye-lithium-i-ion, ithatha indawo ebalulekile emkhakheni wama-electrolyte ebhethri.

Njengamanje, lolu hlobo lwe-solvent luhlanganisa ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezimbili zesakhiwo: i-cyclic ne-chain. Ithebula elingezansi lifingqa amapharamitha aphathekayo ezinto ezimbalwa ezivame ukusetshenziswa{1}}izincibilikisi ezinamanzi, ama-electrolyte, nezinyibilikisi eziphilayo.

Njengamanje, ama-alkyl carbonate solvents asetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-electrolyte. Lawa ma-solvents anokumelana okuhle ne-oxidation futhi abonisa ukuzinza okuhle kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo zamandla kagesi aphezulu. Ama-cyclic carbonates, afana ne-ethylene carbonate ne-propylene carbonate, ayaziwa ngama-dielectric constants aphezulu, okusho ukuthi angancibilikisa usawoti we-lithium ngokuphumelelayo; kodwa-ke, ngenxa yamandla anamandla e-intermolecular, lezi zincibilikisi zine-viscosity ephezulu, okunciphisa ukuhamba kwe-lithium ion ngaphakathi kwazo. Ngokuphambene, i-chain carbonates, njenge-dimethyl carbonate ne-diethyl carbonate, kuyilapho ine-viscosity ephansi, ibuye ibe ne-dielectric constants ephansi, okuholela ekusebenzeni kabi kokuncibilika kosawoti we-lithium. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kulungiswe izinhlelo zesixazululo ezine-ionic conductivity ephakeme, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezincibilikisi zivame ukuxutshwa, njengenhlanganisela ye-PC+DEC noma i-EC+DMC. Usawoti we-lithium, njengomthombo wama-ion e-lithium ku-electrolyte, adlala indima enkulu ekuthuthweni kwe-lithium-i-ion ion phakathi nenqubo yokushaja nokukhipha amabhethri e-lithium{8}}i-ion. Ukusebenza kwawo kuthinta ngokuqondile izici eziningi zamabhethri e-lithium{10}}ion, okuhlanganisa ukuminyana kwamandla, ukuminyana kwamandla, ububanzi be-voltage yokusebenza, impilo yomjikelezo, nokuphepha. Njengamanje, ocwaningweni lwaselabhorethri kanye nokusebenza kwezimboni, usawoti we-lithium onerediyo enkulu ye-anionic kanye nokuzinza okuphezulu kwe-redox ngokuvamile kuyakhethwa. Ngokusekelwe ekwakhiweni kwawo kwamakhemikhali, usawoti we-lithium ungahlukaniswa kabanzi ngezigaba ezimbili: usawoti we-lithium we-inorganic kanye nosawoti we-lithium we-organic. Kuthuthukiswe usawoti omningi we-lithium we-inorganic, okuhlanganisa i-LiPF6, i-LiClO4, i-LIBF, ne-LIASF. Ngokuphambene, usawoti we-lithium osetshenziswa kakhulu kumabhethri e-lithium-akhiwa ngokwengeza ama-electron{18}}amaqembu okuhoxisa kuma-anions alawa sawoti we-lithium wezinto eziphilayo, njenge-lithium dioxalato{19}}borate (LiBOB), i-lithium difluorooxalato{{20}DFBrony difluode] (LiFSI), kanye ne-lithium ditrifluoromethylsulfonylimide (LTFSI).Ithebula elingezansi libonisa izici ze-physicochemical ezifanele zama-lithium salts ambalwa avame ukusetshenziswa kumabhethri e-lithium{22}}e-ion.

Izithasiselo ziyizinto ezengezwe ku-electrolyte ekugxiliseni okuphansi (ngokuvamile angabi ngaphezu kuka-10% ngobuningi) ezinemisebenzi ethile futhi ezingathuthukisa kakhulu izici ze-electrochemical zebhethri. Ngokusekelwe emisebenzini yazo, lezi zengezo zingahlukaniswa ngobubanzi zibe izigaba eziningana: ifilimu{2}}ukwakha izithasiselo, ama-flame retardants, nezithasiselo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushajwa ngokweqile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izithasiselo ezisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ngaphansi-kwezimo zethempelesha eziphansi, noma ukulawula amanani okulandelela kanye nokugxilisa kwe-HF esixazululweni se-electrolyte.