Isistimu yokugcina amandla ethuthukisiwe (AES), emnyombweni wayo, ibhethri elinikezwe ubuchopho. Cishe leyo yindlela elula yokuyibeka. Uthatha ibhethri-ngokuvamile i-lithium-ion kulezi zinsuku, nakuba kungenjalo njalo-futhi uyibhangqa ne-smart.uhlelo lokuphatha amandlaokwaziyo ukuthi kumele kukhokhiswe nini, kukhishwe nini, nokuthi kwenziwa kanjani kokubili ngaphandle kokumosha amandla noma imali. Ingxenye "ethuthukisiwe" ayikona ngempela mayelana nebhethri ngokwayo ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bekusasa. Kumayelana nobuhlakani obusongwe ngakho.
Abantu abaningi bahlangabezana naleli gama uma bebheka izicelo zentengiso noma zezimboni. Cabanga ngezikhungo zokuthenga, izitshalo zokukhiqiza, izikhungo zedatha. Izindawo lapho izikweletu zikagesi zingamangalisa futhi lapho izindleko ezifunwayo{2}}lezo zindleko ezisekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwakho okuphezulu{3}}zingenza amaphesenti angu-30 kuya kwangu-70 esamba sezindleko zakho zokusebenza. Lokho akulona iphutha. Ezinye izikhungo zikhokha kakhulu ngokunyuka kwamandla kwazo okuyimizuzu eyi-15 kunawo wonke ugesi eziwusebenzisayo ngempela.
Kungani Kuphikiswana Ngokushefa Okuphakeme?
Nakhu lapho i-AES izuza khona ngempela ukugcina kwayo. Umqondo ubizwa ngokuthi ukushefa okuphezulu, futhi kulula ngokumangalisayo uma usuwuqonda.
Cabanga ngefekthri esebenza ngokungaguquki usuku lonke. Bese, ngo-2 PM, isiphephetha-moya sikhahlela egiyeni eliphezulu, imigqa emithathu yokukhiqiza inyuke kanyekanye, futhi imishini yekhofi yegumbi lokuphumula iyashaywa. Cishe imizuzu engamashumi amabili, indawo idonsa amandla sengathi alikho ikusasa. Lokho kukhuphuka{4}}lokho kukhuphuka okufushane, okubizayo-yilokho insiza eyisebenzisayo ukubala izinkokhiso ezifunekayo zenyanga yonke.
I-AES ihlezi lapho, iyabukela. Lapho ithola ukuthi isidingo sesizodlula umkhawulo onqunywe kusengaphambili, iqala buthule ukuphakela amandla agciniwe ohlelweni lukagesi lwesakhiwo. Igridi ibona umdwebo oyisicaba, ozinzile. I-spike "ishefa" ivaliwe. Lesi sikhungo sisindisa izinkulungwane. Akekho noyedwa oqaphelayo ukuthi kwenzekeni.
Isoftware esebenzisa lawa masistimu isibe yinkimbinkimbi ngokumangalisayo. Izilawuli zesimanje ze-AES zisebenzisa ama-algorithms aqagelayo{1}}ngezinye izikhathi ukufunda komshini kwangempela{2}}ukulindela ukukhuphuka kwesidingo ngaphambi kokuthi kwenzeke. Bafunda amaphethini esakhiwo. Bayazi ukuthi uLwesibili ntambama usinda kunoLwesihlanu. Balandisa ngezibikezelo zesimo sezulu. Ezinye izinhlelo zithi zehlisa ukufunwa okuphezulu ngamaphesenti angama-30 noma ngaphezulu, noma imayela lakho lizohluka kuye ngephrofayili yakho yomthwalo.
I-DC Fast Charging Connection
Yilapho izinto ziba mnandi kakhulu kunoma ngubani osebhizinisini lengqalasizinda ye-EV.
Amashaja asheshayo e-DC angamandla-izilwane ezilambile. Ishaja eyodwa engu-350 kW, esebenza ngokutsheka ngokugcwele, ingagcizelela ingqalasizinda yegridi yasendaweni ngendlela isakhiwo samahhovisi esingeke sakwenza ngayo. Beka eziyishumi zazo esiteshini sokushaja somgwaqo omkhulu futhi ubheka isidingo esingaba khona esiqhudelana nendawo yezimboni encane. Igridi ngokuvamile ayikakulungeli lokho, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwedolobha noma-zezindawo zasemakhaya lapho ingqalasizinda ekhona yayilinganiselwe amagalaji kaphethiloli nezindawo zokudlela, hhayi isikali sikagesi esingu-megawatt{6}}.
Ukufakwa kwe-AES ezindaweni zokushaja kufeza izinhloso ezimbili. Zinqanda umthelela wegridi{1}}zibushelelezi lezo zidingo eziguqukayo ezinodlame lapho izimoto eziningi zixhumekile ngesikhathi esisodwa-futhi zinciphisa izindleko ezidingekayo ezingenza ukushaja okusheshayo kungenzeki ngokwezimali. Abanye o-opharetha babika ukuncishiswa kwezindleko zokusebenza ngamaphesenti angu-70 noma ngaphezulu ngemva kokwengeza isitoreji sebhethri. Yilowo umehluko phakathi kwesiteshi sokushaja esinenzuzo nesopha imali.
Kukhona nendaba esebenzayo yemigqa yesikhathi yokufaka. Ukuthola uxhumano lwegridi olwanele lwesayithi{1}ekushajwa kwamandla aphezulu kungase kuthathe iminyaka. Iminyaka!Isitoreji sebhethriivumela abaqhubi ukuthi bavule iziza ngokushesha, besebenzisa ingqalasizinda kagesi ebingeke inele.
I-Battery Chemistry: Abasolwa Abajwayelekile
I-Lithium-ion ibusa imakethe ye-AES, futhi ayisondele kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe baboleka ukwethembeka kwabo kuma-electronics abathengi kanye nezimoto zikagesi, lapho bazibonakalisa khona emashumini eminyaka. Ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu. Impilo yomjikelezo omude{4}amanye amasistimu athembisa iminyaka engu-20 yesevisi ewusizo. Izikhathi zokuphendula ezisheshayo zikalwa ngama-millisecond, hhayi amasekhondi.
Kodwa i-lithium{0}}i-ion ayinawo umthwalo.
I-Thermal Runaway isewukukhathazeka kwangempela. Uma amaseli e-lithium{1}}e-ion eshisa ngokweqile-noma ngabe avela kumaphutha okukhiqiza, ukulimala ngokomzimba, noma ukuhlukumeza{3}}angangena{4}}ukusabela okuzimeme okunzima ukukumisa. Umlilo wesikhungo se-Moss Landing e-California waba sematheni ngasekuqaleni kuka-2025, lapho ibhethri elingu-300 MW lizibhubhisa ngokwalo{8}}futhi kwaphoqa ukuthi kukhishwe izakhamuzi ezicishe zibe ngu-1,500 eziseduze. Lezi zigameko azivamile, kodwa azivamile ukuthi noma ubani azithele ngabandayo.
Ikhemistri ye-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) isivele njengenye indlela ephephile phakathi komndeni we-lithium-ion. I-iron phosphate-ibhondi ye-oxide izinzile ngokwesakhiwo kune-cobalt{3}}ibhondi ye-oxide kumaseli e-lithium{4}}endabuko. Ngesikhathi sokushajwa ngokweqile noma ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba, amaseli e-LFP agcina isakhiwo sawo lapho amanye amakhemikhali angase aqale ukukhulula ukushisa ekuphenduleni kweketanga. Izinga lokushisa elishisayo le-LFP lihlala cishe ku-270 degree, uma liqhathaniswa cishe ne-210℃yamabhethri e-nickel manganese cobalt (NMC). Lowo mehluko ubalulekile.
Kodwa nakhu ukushwabana okungakhulunywe ngakho ngokwanele: ucwaningo lwakamuva luphakamisa ukuthi amabhethri e-LFP empeleni akhiqiza igesi evutha kakhulu-kunamabhethri e-NMC uma ukuphuma kwe-thermal kwenzeka. Igesi ivutha ezindaweni eziphansi. Ngakho-ke ngenkathi i-LFP mancane amathuba okuthi ingene ekubalekeni okushisayo kwasekuqaleni, uma ingena, imiphumela ingase ingabi mnandi njengoba kusikisela izinto zokumaketha. Kuyinkimbinkimbi.
Amabhethri Agelezayo: Umdlalo Omude
Amabhethri agelezayo e-Vanadium redox athatha indawo eyinqaba okungenzeka ukuthi ikusasa legridi yesitoreji noma ehlala njalo-esebenza, kuye ngokuthi ubuza bani.
Ubuchwepheshe bugcina amandla kuma-electrolyte awuketshezi agcinwe emathangeni angaphandle. Ufuna umthamo owengeziwe? Vele wengeze amathangi amakhulu. Izingxenye zamandla namandla zihlukaniswe ngokuphelele, okuyinto enhle ngokombono wobunjiniyela. I-electrolyte ayehlisi indlela ama-electrode e-lithium-enza ngayo{4}}amabhethri e-vanadium flow angakwazi ukujikeleza unomphela. Abanye abakhiqizi babiza imijikelezo engu-20,{7}} ejulile yokukhipha ngaphandle kokufiphala komthamo ozwakalayo. I-electrolyte ingasetshenziswa kabusha ohlelweni olusha ngemva kweminyaka engu-25 yenkonzo.
Ibhethri elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni le-vanadium flow-175 MW elino-700 MWh wesitoreji-lafika ku-inthanethi e-Ushi, e-China, ngasekupheleni kuka-2024. Amahora amane obude besikhathi sokuphuma. Igridi{7}}amandla okwenza. Uhlobo lokufakwa okwenza i-lithium-ion ikhulume ngokuthuthumela kancane.
Pho kungani wonke umuntu engawasebenzisi?
Ukuminyana kwamandla yikho okubulalayo. Amabhethri agelezayo makhulu. Badinga indawo ethengiswayo enkulu kulawo amathangi e-electrolyte. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula noma isikhala-sokufakwa kwezindawo zasemadolobheni okuphoqelekile, empeleni azisona isiqalo-. Izindleko zekhephithali yangaphambili ziphezulu kune-lithium-ion, nakuba abasekeli bephikisana nengqikithi yezindleko zobunikazi phakathi neminyaka engu-25 ivuna i-vanadium. Futhi-lena ingxenye enzima{10}}cishe yonke{11}ukuthunyelwa kwezilinganiso ezinkulu okwenzekayo e-China. Abakhiqizi baseNtshonalanga bakhona, kodwa abaqhudelani ngesilinganiso esifanayo. Hhayi okwamanje.
Ubuchopho Ngemva Kwebhethri
A uhlelo lokuphatha ibhethri(i-BMS) yiyona ehlukanisa impahla yokugcina amandla elawulwayo nesikweletu esingaba khona. Igada i-voltage, i-current, kanye nezinga lokushisa kuwo wonke amaseli ephaketheni{1}}ngezinye izikhathi ngawodwana, ngezinye izikhathi ngamaqembu abizwa ngokuthi amamojula. Ilinganisa isimo sokushaja (ibhethri ligcwele kangakanani?) kanye nesimo sempilo (umthamo ongakanani owehlile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi?). Ivimbela ukukhokhiswa ngokweqile kanye nokukhipha ngokweqile. Iphatha ukulinganisa kwamaseli, okubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho abantu abaningi abakuqaphelayo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaseli kunoma yiliphi ibhethri ahlehle ahlukane. Amanye amaseli aguga ngokushesha kunamanye. Abanye banokumelana okuhluke kancane kwangaphakathi kusuka embonini. Ngaphandle kokungenelela, amaseli abuthaka kakhulu akhawulela umthamo osebenzisekayo wephekhi. Amasistimu okulinganisa asebenzayo asabalalisa kabusha inkokhiso phakathi kwamaseli. Amasistimu okulinganisa angashintshi akhipha imali eningi kumaseli aqinile kuze kube yilapho yonke into ilingana. Ayikho indlela elungile. Zombili zingcono kunalutho.
Ukuphatha okushisayo ngomunye umsebenzi obalulekile we-BMS. Amabhethri e-Lithium{1}}ion azonda ukweqisa. Kubanda kakhulu, futhi i-chemistry iphuza ukukhasa; ezimeni ezinzima, ukushaja amaseli abandayo kungabangela umonakalo unomphela. Kushisa kakhulu, futhi usheshisa ukwehlisa isithunzi{4}noma okubi nakakhulu. I-BMS ihlangana nezinhlelo zokupholisa (umoya noma uketshezi), izifudumezi, kanye nesistimu yokuphatha izakhiwo ebanzi ukuze kugcinwe amazinga okushisa ngaphakathi kwamafasitela okusebenza aphephile.
Lokho I-AES Engakwenzi
Kuyafaneleka ukucaca mayelana nemikhawulo.
Amasistimu okugcina amandla athuthukisiwe ngeke akhuphule inani lakho lenzuzo ezinhlelweni eziningi zesaphulelo. Ziyizindleko ezifanele-ungazifaka kubhajethi yakho yephrojekthi{2}}kodwa ukubala kwesisusa ngokuvamile akunandaba ukuthi ungeze isitoreji noma cha. Icala lezezimali le-AES kufanele lizimele lodwa: ukuncishiswa kwezindleko zokufunwa, isikhathi{4}}so-sokusebenzisa i-arbitrage, inani lamandla ayisipele, mhlawumbe ukubamba iqhaza ezimakethe zezinsizakalo zegridi uma uyinkimbinkimbi ngokwanele ukudlala leyo geyimu.
I-AES futhi ngeke ilungise izinkinga zengqalasizinda. Uma isevisi yakho kagesi inganele ngempela, amabhethri angakuthenga isikhathi{1}}kodwa awathathi indawo yaphakade yokuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa okufanele. Bashelela iziqongo; abawakhi amandla lutho.
Futhi ayikho isistimu yebhethri elungiswayo-mahhala, ngaphandle kwezimangalo zokumaketha. Ukuhlolwa konyaka. Izibuyekezo ze-firmware ngezikhathi ezithile. Ekugcineni{4}}kokushintshwa{5}}kwempilo. Umthwalo we-O&M ulula kunamajeneretha edizili, impela, kodwa awuyena uziro.
Imicabango Emincane Enhlanhlathayo
Imakethe ye-AES ihamba ngokushesha ngokwanele kangangokuthi noma yini ebhalwe namuhla ingase izwakale ineminyaka emibili. Amabhethri e-sodium-e-ion angena engena engxoxweni njengendlela ehlukile ye-lithium engancikile ku-cobalt noma, kahle, i-lithium. Amabhethri esifundazwe-aqinile athembisa ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kanye nengozi yomlilo encishisiwe, nakuba izinselele zokukhiqiza ziwagcine njalo "iminyaka embalwa" kude nokudayiswa. Amabhethri e-ayoni-anikeza amandla athokozisayo-obude{7}}obude besitoreji ngenani eliphansi-ngezindleko eziphansi-uma ekwazi ukulungisa impilo yomjikelezo.
Nokho, okwamanje, uma othile ebuza ukuthi iyini isistimu yokugcina amandla ethuthukisiwe, impendulo eqotho ithi: ibhethri elihlakaniphile. Ngokuvamile lithium. Kwesinye isikhathi ukugeleza{2}kusekelwe. Ihlala ixhunywe kusofthiwe ezama ukuthuthukisa ukuthi ishajwa nini, ikhishwa nini, kanye nendlela yokwenza ezomnotho zisebenze. Ubuchwepheshe akuwona umlingo-ugesi nje, ikhemistri, nokubala okuningi{6}}kodwa ezinhlelweni ezifanele, kungazwakala njengabo.