Ukuhambisana kwegridi yesistimu yokulondoloza amandla kubuza ngokuyisisekelo ukuthi lawa masistimu ebhethri angakwazi yini ukuxhuma nengqalasizinda kagesi esayakha eminyakeni engu-50-70 edlule ngaphandle kokuthi yonke into ibheke eceleni. Igridi yamandla yayiklanyelwe indlela eyodwa - ugesi ugeleza usuka ezitshalweni zikagesi uye endlini yakho. Isiphetho sendaba. Manje sizama ukuyenza isebenze ngamabhethri ashajayo, akhiphayo, futhi ashintshe phakathi kokubili ngamasekhondi.
Incazelo yobuchwepheshe ingena kumapharamitha kagesi, impendulo yemvamisa, nama-harmonics. Kodwa okufika kukho ukuthi ngabe uhlelo lokugcina ludlala kahle ngakho konke okunye okuxhunywe kugridi. Ingabe ingakwazi ukuphendula kumasiginali avela ku-opharetha wegridi? Ingabe idala umsindo kagesi ohlanganisa ezinye izinto zokusebenza? Ingabe izohlala izinzile lapho izimo zegridi zishintsha?
Kungani Isivinini Sibaluleke Kakhulu Kunamandla
Iningi labantu ligxila ekutheni ibhethri lingagcina amandla angakanani. Lawo ngama-megawatt-amahora (MWh). Kodwa ekusebenzisaneni kwegridi, isilinganiso samandla kuma-megawathi (MW) nokuthi singaphendula ngokushesha kangakanani kubaluleke kakhulu.
I-Hornsdale Power Reserve eseNingizimu ye-Australia ibonise okuthile okubalulekile - ukufakwa kwayo kwebhethri le-Tesla elingu-100 MW/129 MWh elingase likhuphuke lisuke kuqanda liye kumandla aphelele ngamamillisecond angu-140. Izitshalo ezijwayelekile zokubeka isiqongo segesi zidinga imizuzu eyi-10-15 ukuze ziqale futhi zifinyelele ekuphumeni okugcwele. Lowo mehluko mkhulu uma uzama ukugcina ifrikhwensi yegridi izinzile. Imvamisa kufanele ihlale phakathi kuka-49.9 no-50.1 Hz e-Australia (noma 59.9-60.1 Hz eNyakatho Melika), futhi ukuchezuka ngaphandle kwalolo bubanzi kungalimaza okokusebenza noma kubangele ukwehluleka kwe-cascading. Idatha evela ku-teslamag.de ibonise leli bhethri liphendula ohambweni lwesitshalo samalahle eSouth Australia ngokushesha kunanoma iyiphi enye insiza kugridi.
Inkinga Yezikhathi Ezivamile Akekho Oyihlelele
Amagridi asebenza kuma-alternating current, azungezayo kumafrikhwensi athile. ENyakatho Melika ingu-60 Hz, kwezinye izindawo eziningi ingu-50 Hz. Uma isizukulwane nomthwalo kulinganisa, imvamisa ihlala izinzile. Uma kuba nokulahlekelwa okungazelelwe kokukhiqiza - imboni yamandla ihamba ingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi - iyehla imvamisa. Amagridi endabuko aphathe lokhu ngezinqolobane zokuphotha, ngokuyisisekelo izimboni zamandla ezihamba ngaphansi komthamo ezingase zikhuphuke ngokushesha.
Amabhethri aguqule isibalo. Angakwazi ukujova amandla cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, kodwa futhi angadonsa ngokushesha uma engalawulwa kahle. Lokhu kudala izinselele ezintsha zokusebenzisana ngoba amasistimu okulawula amagridi aklanywe azungeze izici zokuphendula ezihamba kancane zokukhiqiza okuvamile.
Amazinga Angakwazi Ukuhambisana Nawo
I-IEEE 1547 iyindinganiso eyinhloko e-US yokuxhuma izinsiza zamandla asabalalisiwe. Isibuyekezo sika-2018 bekufanele silungise izinkinga ngenguqulo yango-2003, eyabhalwa ngaphambi kokuthi{4}}isitoreji esikhulu sebhethri sibe khona. Kodwa ngisho nezinga lika-2018 alibandakanyi konke okudingeka kwenziwe yizinhlelo zokugcina.
ICalifornia ishaye u-10,000 MW womthamo webhethri ofakiwe ekuqaleni kuka-2024 ngokusho kwedatha ye-California Independent System Operator etholakala ku-caiso.com. Iningi lalezo zinto ezifakiwe i-lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) chemistry ene-energy density engaba ngu-90-120 Wh/kg. Ingaphansi kuka-150-200 Wh/kg oyithola ngamabhethri e-NMC, kodwa izinze emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nempilo engcono yomjikelezo wezinhlelo zokusebenza zegridi.
Inkinga yonke insiza yengeze izidingo zayo phezu kwe-IEEE 1547. I-Hawaiian Electric inesethi eyodwa yemithetho. I-PG&E inezihlukene. Okusebenzela ukufakwa kwebhethri e-California kungase kungahlangabezani nezimfuneko e-Texas noma eNew York. Akukho ukulinganisa kwangempela, okwenza ukukhuphula isitoreji kubize kakhulu kunalokho obekudingeka.
Ama-Inverters Ayi-Bottleneck Yangempela
I-inverter yilapho amandla ebhethri le-DC eguqulela khona amandla egridi ye-AC. Kuphinde kube yi-chokepoint yokuhambisana. Ama-inverter egridi yesimanje-eboshiwe adinga ukwenza ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi, ukusekela amandla asebenzayo, ukuphendula kwamafrikhwensi, futhi axhumane nama-opharetha egridi kusetshenziswa amaphrothokholi afana ne-DNP3 noma i-Modbus. Amanye ama-inverter angakwenza konke lokhu kahle. Abanye abakwazi.
Uma unezinhlelo eziningi zesitoreji kumjikelezo wokusabalalisa ofanayo, ama-inverter awo angalwa wodwa. Olunye uhlelo luzama ukunyusa amandla kagesi, olunye luzama ukuwehlisa. Lokhu kudala ama-oscillations angalimaza amathuluzi noma uhambo oludluliswayo lokuvikela. Ukuxhumanisa ama-inverter amaningi kudinga amasistimu okulawula ayinkimbinkimbi izinsiza eziningi ezingakabi nawo.
Amaphrojekthi Angempela, Izinkinga Zangempela
I-Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility ese-California okwamanje ingenye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zokufakwa kwebhethri emhlabeni jikelele - 3,000 MW ngokuya nge-Pacific Gas & Electric documentation ku-pge.com. Ingashintsha isuke ekushajeni ngokugcwele iye ekukhipheni ngokugcwele ngaphansi kwesekhondi, okuyenza ibe wusizo ekulawuleni imvamisa nokulawulwa kwesidingo esiphezulu.
Kodwa ukuhambisana akuzenzanga. I-PG&E kwadingeka ithuthukise ama-transformer kanye nezinto zokuvikela endaweni yokuxhumana. Babedinga amasistimu okulawula amasha ukuze baxhumanise ibhethri nezinye izinsiza zokukhiqiza. Le phrojekthi ithathe iminyaka emithathu kusukela ekuvunyweni kuze kube sekusebenzeni, futhi ingxenye enkulu yaleso sikhathi yachithwa ezifundweni zokuhlanganisa igridi nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda.
Ukufakwa kwesitoreji esabalalisiwe okuncane kubhekana nezinselele ezahlukene. Izinhlelo zokuhlala nezohwebo zidinga ukuhlangabezana namazinga okuphepha e-UL 9540 kanye ne-UL 1973. Kufanele bathobele amakhodi kagesi endawo ahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo. Ezinye izindawo zidinga amandla okuvala shaqa ngokushesha. Abanye bagunyaza amaswishi athile okunqamula noma amasistimu ocisha umlilo.
Izindleko Zokuhambisana
Ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuxhumanisa kwengeza u-15-20% ezindlekweni ezifakiwe zesistimu yokugcina. Lokho kubandakanya okokuvikela okukhethekile, izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zokuxhumana, izifundo zekhwalithi yamandla, kanye nezindleko zokuxhumanisa izinsiza. Kumaphrojekthi amancane, lezi zindleko zingabulala umnotho ngokuphelele. Isistimu yesitoreji sezentengiso engu-500 kWh ingase ibe nengqondo ekuncishisweni kwenkokhiso efunwayo, kodwa hhayi uma kufanele usebenzise u-$50,000 owengeziwe ezimfuneko zokuxhumanisa.
I-Germany inamazinga ahlukene nge-VDE angahambelani nezidingo ze-IEEE. Izisetshenziswa eziklanyelwe imakethe yaseNyakatho Melika zivame ukudinga ukuguqulwa kwehadiwe ukuze zisebenze eYurophu. Lokhu kuhlukanisa imakethe futhi kuvimbele uhlobo lomnotho wokukhiqiza ngobuningi olwehlise izindleko zephaneli yelanga.
Kwenzekani Lapho Amabhethri Ebudala
Amabhethri e-lithium alulaza. Amandla ayafiphala, ukumelana kwangaphakathi kuyanda, nokusebenza kuyehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isistimu yebhethri ehlangabezane nazo zonke izidingo zegridi lapho okusha kungase kube nzima ngemva kweminyaka engu-5-7 yokuhamba ngebhayisikili esindayo.
Amakhodi egridi awabaleli ngempela lokhu konakala. Uhlelo ludinga ukuhlala luthobela kukho konke ukuphila kwalo okulindelwe iminyaka eyi-10-15. Amasistimu okulawula kufanele azivumelanise nezimo njengoba izici zebhethri zishintsha. Okunye ukufakwa kwesitoreji sangaphambi kwesikhathi kungena ezinkingeni lapho amabhethri owonakele engakwazi ukunikeza izikhathi zokuphendula noma amazinga wamandla awathembise ekuqaleni kuma-opharetha wegridi.
Ayikho indlela evamile yokusingatha lokhu. Abanye abathuthukisi bephrojekthi bangaphezu kwamasistimu abo ekuqaleni, bahlela ukuwohloka. Abanye basebenzisa amasistimu okuphatha amabhethri ayinkimbinkimbi alungisa amapharamitha okusebenza njengobudala bamabhethri. Kodwa lokhu kungeza ubunkimbinkimbi kanye nezindleko ebezingekho kumamodeli ephrojekthi okuqala.
Inselele Yokuhlanganisa Okuvuselelekayo
Ukungena okuphezulu okuvuselelekayo kudala imimango eyimiqansa okudingeka isitoreji siyiphathe. Lapho ukukhiqizwa kwe-solar kuphazamiseka kusihlwa, amabhethri ayaphuma ukuze avale igebe. Lapho umoya uphakama kungazelelwe ngobusuku, amabhethri ayashaja ukuze amunce ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile.
Ukuxhumanisa lokhu ezinkulungwaneni zamasistimu esitoreji ngasinye inkinga yokulawula engakaze ibhekane nayo ngaphambilini. Udinga{1}}ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela, ukuxhumana okusheshayo, nama-algorithms angathuthukisa ukuthunyelwa kuzo zonke izinsiza ezisabalalisiwe. Ezinye izifunda zakha lawa makhono. Amanye asasebenza kumasistimu okulawula kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980s angakwazi ukuphatha kahle ukukhiqiza okuvamile, ingasaphathwa eyezinkulungwane zamabhethri ezingashintsha ukuphuma kwawo ngama-millisecond.
Ingqalasizinda Akekho Ofuna Ukuxhasa
Abagqugquzeli besitoreji bakhuluma ngamabhethri avumela amandla avuselelekayo. Lokho kuyiqiniso kuphela uma ingqalasizinda yegridi ikwazi ukuphatha ukugeleza kwamandla okuqondiswa kabili. Ezindaweni eziningi, akukwazi. Ama-transformer asatshalaliswa adizayinelwe-ukugeleza kwamandla ngendlela eyodwa. Izikimu zokuvikela zithatha ukuthi iphutha lamanje livela ohlelweni lokudlulisa, hhayi kumabhethri akunethiwekhi yokusabalalisa.
Ukuthuthukisa le ngqalasizinda kubiza izigidigidi. Izinsiza ziyanqikaza ukusebenzisa imali ekuthuthukiseni okungenzeka kungakhokhi amashumi eminyaka. Abalawuli bakuthola kunzima ukugunyaza ukukhushulwa kwamanani engqalasizinda amakhasimende angakuboni ngokuqondile. Ngakho imikhawulo yokuhambisana iyaqhubeka ngoba isisekelo asikho ukusekela lokho amasistimu okulondoloza angakwenza.
Lapho Izinto Zimi Khona
I-Australia ne-California zifunde okwengeziwe mayelana-nokuhlanganiswa kwesitoreji sesikali segridi kunanoma iyiphi enye indawo. Ukuthunyelwa kwabo okukhulu kudalule izinkinga ebezingacacile kumaphrojekthi okulinga. Bathuthukise izindinganiso ezingcono, amasistimu okulawula athuthukisiwe, nezisebenzi zensiza eziqeqeshiwe eziqonda ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani amagridi anamandla okugcina abalulekile.
Kodwa ayikho incwadi yokudlala yendawo yonke. Okusebenza eSouth Australia ngegridi yayo engayodwa kungase kungasebenzi eTexas ngohlelo lwayo olukhulu oluxhumene. Indlela yase-California yokuphatha izinsiza zesitoreji ayihumushi ngokuqondile ezifundeni ezinezakhiwo ezihlukene zezimakethe noma izinhlaka zokulawula.
Ukuhambisana kwegridi yesistimu yokugcina amandla kusewumsebenzi oqhubekayo. Ubuchwepheshe bukhona. Amazinga ayathuthuka. Okuhlangenwe nakho kuyanqwabelana. Kodwa ukwenza amabhethri asebenze ngokwethembeka ngamagridi kagesi ayengadalelwe wona kuthatha isikhathi, imali, nokufunda kwesikhungo okungenakuphuthunyiswa. Ezinye izifunda zizokubona ngokushesha kunezinye, kanti lezo ezingakhokhiyo zizokhokha izindleko eziphakeme zamagridi athembeke kancane kunalokho ebezingaba nawo.