Nansi into emayelana namandla avuselelekayo okungekho muntu okutshela yona kusengaphambili: ilanga alikhanyi ebusuku, futhi umoya awuvunguzi ngesikhathi esimisiwe. Kuzwakala kusobala, akunjalo? Kodwa leli qiniso elilula empeleni lingenye yezinhlungu zekhanda ezinkulu kulo lonke uguquko lwamandla.
Cabanga ngakho. Ibhethri lefoni yakho liyafa ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu{1}}esivamile uma uzama ukushayela i-Uber ngo-2am. Manje cabanga ngaleyo nkinga, kodwa iyonke igridi kagesi. Yilokho esibhekene nakho uma sikhuluma ngamandla avuselelekayo ngaphandle kwesitoreji.
Inkinga yokungafani
Ama-solar panel akhiqiza ugesi lapho ilanga seliphumile. Ukukhiqiza okuphezulu? Ngokuvamile phakathi nemini. Kodwa abantu abaningi bawudinga nini ngempela ugesi? Ekuseni kakhulu lapho wonke umuntu enza ikhofi futhi elungiselela ukuya emsebenzini, bese futhi kusihlwa lapho efika ekhaya futhi aqale ukupheka isidlo sakusihlwa, akhanyise izibani, abukele i-TV. Amajika awahambelani nhlobo.
Umoya unezinselele zawo. Kwesinye isikhathi uthola okuningi kakhulu (kukhona izimo lapho amapulazi omoya kufanele avale ngoba kukhonakakhuluugesi okhiqizwayo), futhi ngesinye isikhathi awukho nhlobo. Ezingxenyeni ezithile zase-Texas, ukukhiqizwa komoya kungasuka cishe lutho kuye ekunikezeni amandla angaphezu kuka-60% wezidingo zombuso ngeviki elifanayo.
Yilapho ukugcinwa kwamandla kungena khona. Kuyibhafa{1}}indlela yokubamba ugesi uma uwuningi futhi uwulondolozele kamuva lapho uwudinga ngempela.
Yini ngempela ebalwa njengokugcinwa kwamandla?
Leli gama lihlanganisa izindawo eziningi kunalokho ongakulindela. Wonke umuntu ucabanga "amabhethri" ngokushesha, futhi ngokuqinisekile, leyo ngxenye enkulu yakho. Kodwa ukugcinwa kwamandla okuvuselelekayo kufaka phakathi izindlela ezimbalwa ezihlukene:
Isitoreji samanzi esimpompakade ikhona-kahle, kusukela ngawo-1890s noma kunjalo. Umqondo ulula kahle: uma unogesi oweqile, uwusebenzise ukumpompa amanzi ekukhuphukeni echibini. Uma udinga amandla, vumela amanzi abuyele ehle ngama-turbines. Kusewuhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwegridi-yesitoreji sesikali emhlabeni wonke, esibalelwa okuthile okufana no-95% wayo yonke insiza{7}}yesikali sokulondoloza amandla. Ububi? Udinga indawo efanele-izintaba, izigodi, amanzi amaningi. Ayikwazi ngempela ukwakha eyodwa yalezi e-Kansas.
Amasistimu ebhethriyizingane ezintsha ezithatha zonke izihloko zezindaba. I-Lithium-ion iyabusa njengamanje ngoba i-boom yemoto kagesi yehle kakhulu. Phakathi kuka-2010 no-2023, izindleko zebhethri zehle cishe ngo-90%. Ukusangana lokho. Kodwa kukhona ezinye izindlela ekuthuthukisweni-amabhethri e-sodium-e-ion (ukusebenzisa usawoti esikhundleni se-lithium), amabhethri agelezayo (lapho amandla{10}}okugcina uketshezi lugcinwa emathangeni futhi lumponswe njengoba kudingeka), ngisho namabhethri ensimbi{11}}omoya "aphefumula" umoya-mpilo kusuka emkhathini.
Isitoreji samandla omoya acindezelweisebenza njenge-hydro pumped, kodwa ngomoya esikhundleni samanzi. Ucindezela umoya futhi uwugcine emihumeni engaphansi komhlaba lapho ugesi ushibhile, bese uwukhulula ngama-turbines uma kudingeka. Azikho eziningi zalokhu okwamanje, kodwa amandla akhona.
Isitoreji esishisayokuyathakazelisa ngoba ayiwugcini ugesi ngokuqondile-igcina ukushisa noma ukubanda. Izitshalo zamandla elanga ezigxilile ngezinye izikhathi zisebenzisa usawoti oncibilikisiwe ukuze zigcine amandla ashisayo avela elangeni. Usawoti uhlala ushisa ngokwanele (sikhuluma ngo-500+ degrees Celsius) ukuze ukhiqize isitimu kanye nezinjini zomoya amahora amaningi ngemva kokushona kwelanga. Kukhona futhi nezinhlelo ezenza iqhwa ebusuku uma ugesi ushibhile, bese usebenzisa lelo qhwa ukupholisa izakhiwo ngesikhathi santambama esishisayo.
Ama-flywheels, ama-supercapacitor, i-hydrogen-uhlu luyaqhubeka. Ubuchwepheshe ngabunye bunobumnandi babo kuye ngokuthi mangakanani amandla owadingayo ukuwagcina, ukuthi udinga isikhathi esingakanani ukubugcina, nokuthi udinga ukubukhipha ngokushesha kangakanani.
Kungani kubalulekile (ngaphandle kokusobala)
Ukugcinwa kwamandla akukhona nje ukugcina izibani zikhanya lapho ilanga lishona. Empeleni ixazulula izinkinga eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukuzinza kwegridi yikona okukhulu okunakekelwa yizinsiza. Amagridi kagesi adinga ukugcina ibhalansi enembile phakathi kokuhlinzeka nokufunwa njalo ngomzuzwana owodwa. Ukunikezwa okuningi kakhulu futhi imvamisa iyakhuphuka; kuncane kakhulu futhi kuyawa. Noma iyiphi indlela, izinto ezimbi zenzeka emishinini. Amasistimu esitoreji angaphendula ngama-millisecond ukusiza ukugcina leyo bhalansi. Okunye ukufakwa kwebhethri e-Australia sekudume ngokukwazi kwakho ukunzinzisa igridi ngokushesha kunokuba izitshalo zamandla ezivamile zingenza.
Bese kuba khona i-engeli yezomnotho. Izintengo zikagesi zishintshashintsha usuku lonke{1}}ngezinye izikhathi ngendlela emangalisayo. Ezindaweni ezinamandla amaningi avuselelekayo, izintengo empeleni zingaba zimbi ngezikhathi zelanga elishisayo noma kunomoya ngenxa yokuthi kunogesi omningi okhiqizwayo kunalowo ongakwazi ukuwusingathwa yigridi. Isitoreji sikuvumela ukuthi uthenge (noma ukhiqize) ugesi uma ushibhile noma uwuningi futhi uwudayise futhi lapho amanani enyuka. Lokhu kubizwa nge-arbitrage, futhi isiba yimodeli yebhizinisi langempela.
Emiphakathini ekude noma iziqhingi, isitoreji esibhangqwe nezinto ezivuselelekayo zingasho ukuzimela ngaphandle kwamajeneretha edizili. Udizili uyabiza ukuwuthumela ngomkhumbi, unomsindo, uyangcolisa, futhi udinga ukulungiswa njalo. Isistimu yebhethri yelanga-i-plus{3}}ingase ibe nezindleko eziphezulu, kodwa uphethiloli umahhala unaphakade.
Umbuzo wesikali
Enye yezinto ezikhohlisayo mayelana nokugcinwa kwamandla ukuthi usayizi owodwa awulingani konke.
Ngesilinganiso esincane kakhulu, unezindlu ezingazodwana ezinophahla lwelanga nebhethri egaraji-mhlawumbe amahora angu-10-e-kilowatt-amahora angu-15 esitoreji, esanele ukuba sihambe ebusuku noma sinikeze ikhophi yasenqolobaneni ngesikhathi sokucima. I-Powerwall kaTesla cishe iyisibonelo esidume kakhulu, kodwa kunenqwaba yabaqhudelana nabo manje.
Yenyukela ezingeni lomphakathi futhi ungase ube namahora ama-megawatt- ambalwa okusebenzela umakhelwane noma idolobhana elincane.
Bese uthola usizo-lokufaka isikali esikhulu sangempela. Indawo yebhethri ye-Moss Landing e-California inomthamo wamahora angu-3,000 megawatt-amahora. Ukubeka lokho ngombono, lokho kwanele ukunika amandla amakhaya angaba ngu-225,000 amahora amane. Futhi balokhu beyandisa.
Ubude besikhathi bubalulekile njengomthamo. Amabhethri alungele ukugcina amandla amahora ambalwa{1}okuthiwa "isitoreji sesikhathi esifushane." Kodwa kuthiwani ngesitoreji sesizini? Kuthiwani uma ufuna ukonga amandla elanga amaningi ehlobo ukuze uwasebenzise ebusika? Lokho kudinga ubuchwepheshe obuhluke ngokuphelele, futhi uma sikhuluma iqiniso, asinazo izixazululo ezinhle zalokho okwamanje. I-Hydrogen yinto eyodwa engenzeka, kodwa iyabiza futhi ayisebenzi kahle.
Izinselele{0}ezingokoqobo zomhlaba
Izindleko ziseyinombolo yokuqala yenselelo, nakuba sezingcono kakhulu. Ukufakwa kwebhethri okukhulu kungase kubize u-$300-400 nge-kilowatt-ngehora lomthamo. Lokho kwehle kakhulu, kodwa kusabiza uma ukhuluma ngezinga le-utility. Futhi amabhethri awonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi-awahlali unomphela.
Kuphinde kube nenkinga ye-material supply chain. I-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel{1}}isidingo sikhula ngokushesha kunokuba imisebenzi yezimayini ingaqhubeka. Futhi eziningi zalezi zinto zivela ezindaweni ezinezinqubo zabasebenzi ezingabazekayo noma izindinganiso zemvelo. Imboni igijima ukuze ithole ezinye izindlela noma ithuthukise izindlela ezingcono zokugaywa kabusha.
Imvume kanye nokulawulwa kungaba yiphupho elibi futhi. Ukugcinwa kwamandla kusha kangangokuthi izindawo eziningi azinayo imithetho ecacile mayelana nendlela yokuxhuma lezi zinhlelo kugridi, ubani ongaba umnikazi wazo, ukuthi kufanele zinxeshezelwe kanjani. Ezinye izinsiza zibona isitoreji njengosongo kumodeli yazo yebhizinisi, ezinye ziyakwamukela.
Bese kuba nenkinga ye-physics elula: ukulahlekelwa kokuguqulwa kwamandla. Uma ushaja ibhethri, ulahlekelwa amandla athile njengokushisa. Uma uyikhipha, ulahlekelwa okwengeziwe. Ukusebenza kahle kohambo-okujikelezayo kungase kube ngu-85-90% wamabhethri e-lithium-ion, okuhle kakhulu, kodwa lokho kusho ukuthi usalahlekelwa ngu-10-15% wamandla akho. Kobunye ubuchwepheshe bokugcina, ukulahlekelwa kuphezulu kakhulu.
Lapho izinto zibheke khona
Umfutho ongemuva kokugcinwa kwamandla ungokoqobo. Ukufakwa komhlaba wonke kukhula kakhulu. Ngo-2023 kuphela, umhlaba wengeze okuthile okufana namagigawathi angu-50 womthamo webhethri-okuphindwe kabili ngonyaka odlule.
Sibona izinto ezintsha ezindaweni esingalindelekile. Amabhethri ezimoto athola impilo yesibili njengendawo yokugcina emile ngemva kokuthi engasakwazi ukukhokhela izimoto. Ubuchwepheshe bezimoto-okuya-kugridi buyathuthukiswa, lapho izimoto zikagesi zingabuyisela amandla kugridi uma kudingeka (imoto yakho iba yibhethri emasondweni).
Isitoreji{0}sesikhathi eside siwumngcele olandelayo. Kukhona imibono engajwayelekile laphaya-isitoreji samandla sisebenzisa amabhulokhi adonsela phansi, indawo yokugcina umoya ecindezelwe ngaphansi kwamanzi, isitoreji samandla omoya owuketshezi. Ezinye zalezi zizosebenza, eziningi ngeke, kodwa ukuhlola kuyenzeka.
Umnotho uqhubeka uthuthuka njengoba izindleko ziwa futhi njengoba izindawo eziningi zibeka inani ekukhishweni kwekhabhoni. Kwezinye izimakethe, isitoreji sesivele siyaqhudelana ngaphandle koxhaso. Lokho kwakungelona iqiniso ngisho neminyaka emihlanu edlule.
Iphuzu elibalulekile
Ukugcina amandla akuyona nje into enhle-ukuba-nesesekeli samandla avuselelekayo{2}}kuba yinto eyenza lonke ushintsho lwenzeke. Ngaphandle kwesitoreji, ungangeza kuphela i-solar nomoya omningi ngaphambi kokuba igridi ingazinzi. Ngesitoreji, uphahla luningi, luphakeme kakhulu.
Sisesezinsukwini zakuqala, impela. Ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka ngokushesha, izindleko ziyehla, futhi sithola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kodwa isiphakamiso senani esiyisisekelo sicacile: isitoreji sishintsha amandla avuselelekayo ngezikhathi ezithile abe amandla athembekile, athunyelwayo. Futhi lokho kushintsha konke.
Iminyaka eyishumi ezayo izojabulisa ukuyibuka. Inhlanganisela yezinto ezishibhile ezivuselelekayo kanye nesitoreji esithengekayo ngokuya kuphazamisa izimakethe zikagesi emhlabeni jikelele. Izindawo ebezithembele ku-100% kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi eminyakeni emihlanu edlule manje sezivame ukushaya u-50%, 60%, ngisho no-70% wamandla avuselelekayo ngezinsuku ezithile. Lokho kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka esikhathini esingeside esidlule.
Usemningi umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe-kwezobuchwepheshe, umnotho, nokulawula. Kodwa i-trajectory icacile. Ukugcinwa kwamandla kwezinhlelo ezivuselelekayo akulona nje ikusasa; iba yimanje ngokushesha.