Lo mhlahlandlela ubhalelwe abahleli bezinsiza, abaphathi bamandla e-C&I, kanye nama-EPC ahlola isitoreji esabalalisiwe ngokuqhathaniswa nezinye ezivame ukucatshangelwa kuqala: ukuthuthukiswa kwe-transformer, ukwakhiwa kabusha komugqa, ama-genset kadizili, noma ukumane banciphise okuvuselelekayo. Isekelwe ezifundweni zegridi ezishicilelwe, izinto ze-FERC ne-IEEE, namaphethini okusetshenziswa e-US nase-EU kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2026. Imithombo ifakwe ohlwini ekugcineni.
Okushiwo "Ukuthuthukisa Igridi" Empeleni - Ngokubuka nje
Ngaphambi kokujula, kusiza ukuhlela ukuthi inkinga yegridi ngayinye ibukeka kanjani, imuphi umsebenzi we-DESS okhuluma ngayo, ukuthi iyini inzuzo elinganisekayo, nokuthi ungayihlola kanjani leyo nzuzo kuphrojekthi yangempela.
| Inkinga yegridi | Umsebenzi we-DESS | Zuza | KPI ukulandelela |
|---|---|---|---|
| I-Feeder overvoltage kusuka kuphahla lwe-PV | Ukumuncwa kwamandla asebenzayo/asebenzayo | I-Voltage ihlala ngaphakathi kwe-ANSI C84.1 Range A | Ukuchezuka okujwayelekile kwe-Voltage, amahora angaphandle kuka-0.95–1.05 pu |
| Inertia yesistimu ephansi, uhambo olusheshayo lwefrikhwensi | Ukusabela kwemvamisa esheshayo, inertia yokwenziwa | I-RoCoF ihlala ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ethembekile | I-RoCoF (Hz/s), i-frequency nadir |
| Ukulahlekelwa okuphezulu kwe-I²R kuziphakeli ezinde | Ukushaja kwasendaweni/ukukhipha ukuze kuncishiswe ukugeleza kwamanje | Ukulahlekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe okuphansi | I-MWh yonyaka ilahlekelwe njenge-% yamandla alethiwe |
| Isidingo esiphezulu esibizayo sosizo noma ikhasimende le-C&I | Ukushefa okuphezulu / ukushintshwa komthwalo | I-kW ephezulu ephansi, i-capex ehlehlisiwe | Inani eliphakeme lenkokhelo yanyanga zonke le-kW, inkokhiso yokufunwa ngu-$ |
| Ukunciphisa okuvuselelekayo | Isikhathi-ukushintsha ukukhiqiza ngokweqile | Amandla ahlanzekile engeziwe alethiwe | I-MWh encishisiwe, isici somthamo |
| Ingozi yokuphela kwemithwalo ebalulekile | Ukwakhiwa kwe-Island + microgrid | Isevisi eqhubekayo phakathi nokuhluleka kwegridi | Amaminithi ekhasimende aphazamisekile, SAIDI |
I-Voltage Regulation
Uma unesiphakeli sokusabalalisa lapho i-solar yasemini iphusha amandla kagesi angaphezu kuka-1.05 pu, ibhethri elibekwe kahle ngokuvamile lishibhe{3}}kunokuphinda{3}}ukuthepha ama-transformer noma{4}}ukuqhuba kabusha ulayini. I-inverter ingakwazi ukumunca amandla wangempela ngesikhathi seziqongo ze-PV futhi ingahlinzeka noma isebenzise amandla asebenzayo, okuyiyona nto ikhodi yegridi enendaba nayo.
Izifundo ezibuyekezwe ontanga-kuhlelo lwe-IEEE 33-lokuhlola ibhasi - ibhentshimakhi ye-canonical yalolu hlobo lokuhlaziya - ibonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi ukubeka isitoreji endaweni ephezulu{7}}okuzwela kwehlisa ukuchezuka kwe-voltage cishe nge-oda lobukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nesiphakeli esinganciphisiwe. Awudingi isitoreji kuwo wonke amabhasi. Kokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu kokubukeza izinhlelo zokusabalalisa, amayunithi amabili noma amathathu abekwe kahle azokwenza umsebenzi wezindawo ezinhlanu noma eziyisithupha ezingezinhle, ngoba ukuzwela ku-voltage akulingani ngokwedlulele kuyo yonke inethiwekhi.
Umthelela osebenzayo: ngaphambi kokulinganisa izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha, yenza ukuhlaziywa kokuzwela. Buza isihlanganisi sakho ukuthi imaphi amanodi abusa ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi, bese ubeka izimpahla lapho. Lapha kulaphoiKhabhinethi yangaphandle BESS amayunithingokuvamile ukulingana kahle - aminyene ngokwanele ukuba awe endaweni ephakathi nendawo ngaphandle kokudinga ukunwetshwa kwesiteshi esincane esibiyelwe.
Impendulo Yemvamisa
Iyunithi yamalahle noma igesi idinga imizuzwana ukuze ishintshe okukhiphayo. I-lithium-ion BESS ishintsha okukhiphayo engxenyeni yomjikelezo. Leyo nzuzo yesivinini ibalulekile ngoba njengoba isizukulwane esishisayo siyeka ukusebenza, inertia yegridi iyawa, futhi imvamisa ingahamba ngokushesha ngemva kokuphazamiseka. Ngaphandle kwezinsiza ezisheshayo-ezisebenzayo, izinga lokushintsha kwe-frequency (RoCoF) lingakwazi ukuvikela uhambo ngaphambi kokuba noma yini enye ibe nethuba lokuphendula.
Yilokhu kanye i-ERCOT e-Texas ebikwenza ngemikhumbi yayo yebhethri-esabelayo esheshayo. Amabhethri manje awina ngokujwayelekile izimakethe-zokwenyuka neziqondiso{3}}ezimakethe ngenxa yokuthi asula ngokushesha kuneziqongo zegesi futhi ngezindleko eziphansi. Ukubamba iqhaza kwebhethri kumasevisi asekelayo e-ERCOT kukhule kakhulu ngo-2024 nango-2025 njengoba umthamo wesitoreji wehla wadlula ku-10 GW, futhi imibiko yemakethe ye-ERCOT ibhala lokhu kushintshwa.
Amanothi amabili awusizo. Okokuqala, isitoreji esisekelwe ku-inverter{1}asinayo inertia yangempela; ilingisa inertia ngokulawula. Imboni ibiza le "synthetic" noma "virtual" inertia, futhi iyindawo yocwaningo esebenzayo - elindele ukuthi amakhodi egridi aguquke lapha eminyakeni embalwa ezayo. Okwesibili, ukupakisha impendulo yemvamisa nge-arbitrage yamandla yindlela iningi lama-opharetha abenza ngayo ezomnotho zisebenze; imvamisa emsulwa-imali engenayo yokulawula iyodwa akuvamile ukuba yanele ukusekela iphrojekthi.
Ukunciphisa Ukulahlekelwa Kwezobuchwepheshe Kunethiwekhi Yokusabalalisa
Isikali sokulahlekelwa komugqa nesikwele samanje. Ukuhambisa amandla amabanga amafushane ekunciphiseni kwamanje ukulahlekelwa ngokulinganayo. Leso isizathu esiyisisekelo sokuthi iyunithi yesitoreji ehlezi phezu kwesiphakeli esisebenzela i-warehouse inganciphisa ukulahlekelwa ngaphezu{2}}kwempahla yezinga eliphindwe kabili ngobukhulu bayo.
Izifundo zokuthuthukisa ezishicilelwe - ikakhulukazi-umsebenzi wokubeka izinhloso eziningi kumanethiwekhi okusabalalisa ase-Europe - zibonisa ukuncipha kokulahlekelwa ebangeni elingu-10–25% lapho isitoreji sibekwe endaweni efanele futhi sishajwa ukuze kucaba amaphrofayela okugeleza kwamandla. Ububanzi obubanzi bubonisa ukuthi ibaluleke kangakanani i-topology yesiphakeli. Ama-radial feeder anama-lateral run amade azuza kakhulu kunamanethiwekhi asemadolobheni anezikhala. Uma isistimu yakho isivele iminyene futhi{8}ixhumeke kahle, ungalindeli ukuncishiswa kokulahlekelwa okumangalisayo endaweni yokugcina yodwa.
Lapho isitoreji sibuyisela khona ngempela ekulahlekeni kulapho futhi sidonsa ukugeleza kwamandla ahlehla emini kusuka kuphahla lwe-PV. Ukugeleza okubuyela emuva kuphusha amandla amanje kumakhondatha afanayo kodwa kwelinye icala, futhi ukulahlekelwa kusanqwabelana. Ukubamba lawo mandla endaweni kuqeda ukugeleza okubuyela emuva ngokuphelele.
Ukushefa Okuphakeme kanye Nomnotho Wezohwebo
Kumakhasimende amaningi e-C&I e-US, izindleko zokufunwa ziyinto eyodwa enkulu kunazo zonke elawulekayo enkokhelweni kagesi. Ezimakethe lapho inkokhiso yokufunwa idlula cishe u-$15/kW-inyanga, ibhethri-elinosayizi okahle ngokuvamile likhokha ngaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu ngokuncishiswa okuphezulu kuphela, futhi imbuyiselo iba mfushane kakhulu uma isikhathi{6}}sokusebenzisa{7}}i-arbitrage sibekwe phezulu.
Imininingwane ibalulekile. Imicimbi ephakeme kakhulu endaweni yokugcina impahla noma endaweni yokukhiqiza ivamise ukuthatha amahora amabili kuya kwamane, yingakho iningiIzixazululo zesitoreji se-C&Izakhiwe cishe amahora ama-2 kuye kwangama-4 ubude besikhathi. Uhlelo lwe-1 MW / 2 MWh luzoshefa inani eliphakeme le-1 MW ewindini eligcwele. Iba mfishane futhi ubeka engcupheni ibhethri ukuthi lingasebenzi ngaphambi kokuba inani eliphakeme liphele; hamba isikhathi eside futhi ukhokhela umthamo ongavamile ukuwasebenzisa. Ukuze uthole ukwelashwa okujulile kokucabanga kokulawula ngemuva kwalokhu, bheka umchasi wethu kuukushefa okuphezulu ngesitoreji sebhethri.
Izinto ezimbili ezihamba phambili{0}}ukuthunyelwa kwesikhathi kuqala. Okokuqala, ukubikezela komthwalo. Uma i-EMS yakho yeqa inani eliphakeme ngemizuzu eyishumi, ukhokha inkokhiso yokufuna noma kunjalo. Okwesibili, izigaba zomshwana we-ratchet - ezinye izintengo zensiza zimisa inkokhiso oyidingayo ngokusekelwe enanini lakho eliphakeme kakhulu ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule, okusho ukuthi usuku olulodwa olubi lungakubiza unyaka wokonga. Hlola amanani ngaphambi kokuba usayizi webhethri.
Ukuhlanganiswa Okuvuselelekayo: Ngaphezu Kwesikhathi Nje-Ukushintsha
Indaba esobala ukuthi isitoreji sivumela isitshalo selanga ukuthi sithengise amandla ngo-7pm esikhundleni sokuwanciphisa emini. Indaba ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi isitoreji sivumela inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa yamukele ama-DER amaningi kwasekuqaleni ngaphandle kokucupha ukuthuthukiswa.
Ijika ledada lase-California{0}}liyisibonelo esicashunwe kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kuka-2025, igridi yesifunda yayivame ukubona izikhathi zasemini lapho ilanga lihlangana khona ngaphezu{3}}kwesithathu kwesidingo. Ngaphandle kwesitoreji, ingxenye enkulu yaleso sizukulwane izoncishiswa. Ngokudedelwa kwesitoreji kurempu yakusihlwa, ukukhiqizwa kwegesi yemvelo phakathi nezinkathi zamahlombe kwehla ngokuphawulekayo. I-US Energy Information Administration (EIA) ishicilela umthamo webhethri wanyanga zonke kanye nedatha yokuthumela elandelela lolu shintsho.
Ohlangothini lokusabalalisa, ingqondo efanayo iyasebenza kuma-microgrid. Ukumatanisa ilanga nebhethri kuvumela ikhampasi, ipulazi, noma umphakathi okude wamukele i-PV yasendaweni ngaphandle kwezinkinga zokugcwala ngokweqile, futhi kubanikeza indlela yokusebenza esiqhingini. Simboza ukuhwebelana konjiniyela ngokuningiliziwe kumhlahlandlela wethu wokuthiidizayini yesitoreji sebhethri ye-microgrid.
Ukuqina Nokuqina: Inzuzo Yesibili Evame Ukuzikhokhela Yona
Ukuqina akuvamile ukuthi kuthethelele iphrojekthi yokugcina ngokwakho, kodwa kuvame ukuvala icala lebhizinisi. Isibhedlela esesivele sidinga amandla ayisipele singashintsha noma sengeze i-genset kadizili ngebhethri-isistimu ye-PV{2}}ezuza imali ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile futhi ethatha izintambo ngemizuzwana phakathi nokucisha. Udizili uhlala engenzi lutho; inani lezitaki zebhethri.
Izinto ezimbili okufanele uzibheke lapho ukuqina kuyingxenye yomklamo. Okokuqala, ingabe uhlelo lunayo ngempela i-UL 1741 SA-evumelana ne-islanding? Ukufakwa okuningi kwesitoreji esincane akwenzi, ngoba ukuvala ngesikhathi sephutha legridi kuwukuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo okuphephile futhi ukubekwa kwe-island kudinga ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe. Okwesibili, umthwalo obalulekile uhlukaniswa kanjani{4}nomthwalo ongabalulekile? Uma yonke ibhethri iwela ebhethrini ngesikhathi icishiwe, isistimu engu-500 kWh ingase ithathe imizuzu engama-30 esikhundleni samahora ayisithupha.
Ngezidingo zeselula noma zesikhashana zokumelana - nezinhlekelele, iziza zokwakha, ukunqamuka okuhleliwe - ai-BESS eneziqukathikwenza umqondo omkhulu kunokufakwa unomphela, ngoba ingaphinda isetshenziswe njengoba izidingo zishintsha.
Ukulawula Okudidiyelwe kanye Nezindawo Zamandla Abonakalayo
Ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu emakethe yesitoreji esabalalisiwe eminyakeni emibili edlule kube ukuvulwa kokulawula kwama-DER ahlanganisiwe ukuze abhide ngokuqondile ezimakethe zezitolo ezinkulu. E-US, lokhu kuqhutshwa yiI-FERC Order 2222, okudinga ukuthi ama-opharetha kagesi wesifunda avumele izinsiza ezisabalalisiwe ezihlanganisiwe zibambe iqhaza kumthamo, amandla, kanye nezimakethe zezinsizakalo ezihambisanayo ngokuhambisana nokukhiqiza okuvamile.
Umphumela osebenzayo ukuthi iphothifoliyo yamabhethri amancane ngemuva kwamamitha ahlukene manje ingasebenza njengempahla eyodwa ekhiphekayo - isikhungo samandla esibonakalayo. Izinhlelo zangaphambi kwesikhathi ze-VPP e-New England, e-California, nase-Australia zibonise ukuthi ukuhlanganisa kungaletha ukulawulwa kwemvamisa ngezindleko eziqhudelana neziqongo zegesi, ngaphandle kokukhishelwa ngaphandle. Isofthiwe exhumanisa lezi zinhlobo zezindiza yilapho iningi lokutshalwa kwezimali kwemboni yamanje liya khona.
Izindinganiso zokuxhumanisa ziyakhuphuka futhi.IEEE 1547-2018ibeka isisekelo sokuthi izinsiza ezisabalalisiwe zixhumeka kanjani kugridi, okuhlanganisa i-voltage ne-frequency ride-idlula,{1}}i-islanding, nemikhawulo yekhwalithi yamandla. Uma isihlanganisi sakho sesitoreji singakwazi ukukhuluma kahle mayelana nezigaba ze-IEEE 1547 nezivumelwano zokuxhumanisa insiza, qhubeka ubheka.
Lapho Isitoreji Esisabalalisiwe Siwenza Kunengqondo
Akuyona yonke inkinga yegridi eyinkinga yesitoreji. Ekubuyekezweni kwethu kwephrojekthi, i-DESS ivame ukuba yimpendulo efanele uma okuningi kwalokhu okulandelayo kuyiqiniso:
- Ukungena okuvuselelekayo kokuphakelayo okuqondiwe kudlula cishe u-30% wesidingo esiphezulu.
- Izindleko ezifunwayo zingaphezu kwezinyanga ezingaba ngu-$12/kW-, noma izintengo zemakethe ye-wholesale zibonisa ukusabalala kwansuku zonke okunenjongo.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda evamile kubiza kakhulu ngo-MW{0}ngonyaka ngamunye wesikhundla esihlehlisiwe noma kunzima ngokwepolitiki (imvume, ukutholwa komhlaba,{1}}kwesokudla-sendlela).
- Isayithi linenani langempela lokukhuthazela - izibhedlela, izikhungo zedatha, izinsizakalo eziphuthumayo, isitoreji esibandayo.
- Inethiwekhi ibuthaka noma iseziqhingini - imiphakathi ekude, amagridi eziqhingini, izifunzo ezinde zasemakhaya.
Lapho Kungenzi Nqondo
Lesi yisigaba eseqa kakhulu amaphepha amhlophe abathengisi. Sicabanga ukuthi yiyona ebaluleke kakhulu.
Isitoreji asilingani kahle uma igridi isivele iqinile futhi isicaba. Inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa yasemadolobheni enemeshi enokungena okuphansi kwe-DER kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-baseload eshibhile izobona inzuzo encane kusitoreji sasendaweni - ukhokhela isixazululo sezinkinga igridi engenazo. Isitoreji futhi asilingani kahle uma okuwukuphela kwendlela yemali engenayo kuwukulawulwa kwemvamisa; lezo zimakethe zigcwala ngokushesha, futhi amanani ehlile kuma-ISO amaningi ase-US njengoba umthamo webhethri ukhula.
Ukuqina{0}okufakwayo okushayelwa ngokushayela amabhayisikili kwansuku zonke akutholi lutho phakathi kokuhamba, futhi{1}}i-diesel genset enakekelwa kahle ivamise ukushibha ezinhlelweni eziyisipele{2}}kuphela. Okokugcina,{4}}indawo yokuhlala ehlala isikhathi esifushane ayivamisile ukuphuma ezimakethe ngaphandle-kwezinguquko eziphelele zokukhokha noma isikhathi-se{7}}samanani okusebenzisa - ukusabalala kwe-arbitrage akukho.
I-heuristic ewusizo: uma ungakwazi ukuchaza okungenani imali engenayo ezimele emibili noma izindlela zokonga zempahla, umnotho uzodumazeka.
Isimo Semakethe (Kusukela Ngasekuqaleni kuka-2026)
Imikhumbi yesitoreji sebhethri yase-US yeqe u-30 GW womthamo ofakiwe ngo-2025, kanti i-Texas ne-California isabusa izengezo ezintsha - Imibiko yanyanga zonke yamandla kagesi ye-EIA ilandelela lezi zinombolo ngokuqondile futhi iwumthombo ongcono kakhulu womphakathi. Emhlabeni jikelele, i-China iyaqhubeka nokubala iningi lesikali segridi-entsha, nakuba izindawo zokuhlala zase-Europe kanye nezingxenye ze-C&I zikhula ngokushesha ngamaphesenti.
Izintengo zesistimu ziqhubekile nokwehla. Izilinganiso zezindleko zebhethri zaminyaka yonke ze-NREL, ezishicilelwe ngoMnyango Wezamandla, ziyiphoyinti ledatha elihlanzekile kunawo wonke lapha. Ukunikezwa ngokweqile kwamaseli aseShayina kucindezele amamajini kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka, okuyizindaba ezinhle kubathengi nezindaba ezingaphatheki kahle kubahlinzeki be-Tier-3.
Okwezinsiza-sikala amaphrojekthi - amakhulu we-MWh nangaphezulu -usizo oluzinikele{0}lokulinganisa izinkundla ze-BESShlala uyisakhiwo esijwayelekile, imvamisa kuma-container angama-20-foot noma 40-foot factor ane-PCS emaphakathi.
FAQ
Q: Ibhethri Elisabalalisiwe Liphendula Ngokushesha Kangakanani Emicimbini Yegridi?
A: Impendulo{0}}yamandla kagesi ivamise ukuba phakathi kuka-100–500 ms ukusuka ekutholweni kwephutha kuya ekuphumeni kwamandla agcwele. Ingxenye ende yokubambezeleka ngokuvamile iyisixhumanisi sokuxhumana ohlelweni lokulawula, hhayi ibhethri ngokwalo. Uma kuqhathaniswa, isiqongo segesi singathatha amaminithi angu-5–10 ukufika ngokugcwele ku-inthanethi kusukela emakhazeni.
Q: Ingabe I-DESS Idinga Ukuba Yinkulu Kangakanani Ukuze Ithuthukise Isiphakeli Sokusabalalisa?
IMP: Imithetho yesithupha iyingozi lapha, kodwa njengesiqalo: 2–5 MW wesitoreji ngo-50–100 MW ngamunye womthwalo ophezulu wesiphakeli, obekwe endaweni-enozwela kakhulu, ngokuvamile ukhiqiza amandla kagesi anengqondo nokuthuthukiswa kokulahlekelwa. Ukuze uthole okuphakelayo okuthile, udinga -ucwaningo lokugeleza kwamandla - asikho isinqamuleli.
Q: Ingabe Isitoreji Esisabalalisiwe Singakwazi Ukumiselela Ukuthuthukiswa Kokudlulisela Ngokuphelele?
IMP: Ingazihlehlisa, ngokuvamile ngeminyaka emi-5-15, kodwa ngeke ikwazi ukuzibuyisela unomphela uma umthwalo ongaphansi uqhubeka ukhula. Isitoreji siwubuchwepheshe bokuvala ukuhlehliswa kwamandla, hhayi esikhundleni sengqalasizinda ebonakalayo lapho isidingo sidlula inethiwekhi ngempela.
Q: Kwenzekani Ngesikhathi Sokucisha Okukhulu Kwegridi?
IMP: Kuya ngokuthi isistimu inakho yini isiqhingi. Amasistimu akwenzayo angakha igridi yasendaweni ngaphansi kwesekhondi, anike amandla imithwalo ebalulekile kuze kubuye igridi. Amasistimu angavali azovala ngokuklama - lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze ukuphepha kwesisebenzi esiwusizo.
Q: Ingabe Igridi Enzima-Ukusetshenziswa Kwesevisi Kuyithinta Kanjani Impilo Yebhethri?
IMP: Umjikelezo ofanelekile-ukuphatha ukujula kuyiyo yonke into. Isebenza phakathi kwesilinganiso esingu-20% no-80% wesimo sokushaja, ngokulawula okushisayo okusebenzayo, amaseli e-lithium iron phosphate ngokuvamile agcina u-80% womthamo we-nameplate ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-5,000–6,000, okuhumusheka eminyakeni eyi-12–15 yokuhamba ngebhayisikili nsuku zonke. Ukuhamba ngebhayisikili okujulile ukuya ku-0% no-100% nsuku zonke kuzonciphisa lokho ngesigamu.
UMB: Ingabe I-Lithium-I-Ion Iwukuphela Kwekhemistry Esebenzayo Yesitoreji Segridi?
IMP: Ngokusetshenziswa kwamahora angu-1–4, i-lithium iron phosphate okwamanje ibusa ngesisekelo sezindleko nokuphepha. Izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamahora angu-8, amabhethri agelezayo kanye{4}nobuchwepheshe besikhathi eside obuvelayo buqala ukubukeka buncintisana, kodwa ahlala eyisabelo esincane sesisekelo esifakiwe kusukela ngo-2026.
Umugqa Ongezansi
Isitoreji samandla esabalalisiwe silungiselela igridi ngokubhekana nezinkinga ezimbalwa ezihlukile ngesikhathi esisodwa - i-voltage, imvamisa, ukulahlekelwa, ukuphakama, okuvuselelekayo, ukuqina - kanye nesimo sebhizinisi ngokuvamile sincike ekupakisheni okungenani ezimbili zazo. Ilingana ngokuqinile okokuphakelayo abane-DER esindayo, amakhasimende anezindleko ezifunwa kakhulu, amagridi abuthaka noma aseziqhingini, nemithwalo ebucayi. Ilingana buthaka kumanethiwekhi aqinile asemadolobheni ane-baseload eshibhile futhi angenawo amasignali entengo aphusile. Isayizi yecala elisetshenziswa kakhulu, yibeke lapho ukuhlaziya ukuzwela kukhomba khona, bese ubhala i-O&M ecacile nohlelo lokwengeza. Uma kwenziwa ngaleyo ndlela, i-physics ne-economics zombili ziyasebenza.