Isikhathi Eside-Isitoreji Samandla Esikhathi (LDES): Ubuchwepheshe Nokusetshenziswa

Isitoreji samandla-eside (i-LDES) sisho amasistimu okugcina amandla angaletha ugesi isikhathi eside kunemizuzu noma amahora ambalwa. UMnyango Wezamandla wase-US (DOE) okwamanje uchaza i-LDES njengesitoreji esikwazi ukuletha ugesiAmahora angu-10 noma ngaphezulu. Olunye ucwaningo, inqubomgomo, nezinhlaka zemakethe zisebenzisa imingcele ehlukene, ngakho-ke ubude besikhathi kufanele buthathwe njengemfuneko yephrojekthi kunelebula yendawo yonke.

Umbuzo osebenzayo awukona ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obubodwa "bubuchwepheshe obuhle kakhulu be-LDES." Kuwukuthi isistimu yesitoreji inganikeza amandla adingekayo ngesikhathi esidingekayo, ngezindleko eziphelele-zempilo eyamukelekayo, endaweni etholakalayo, ngephrofayela yobungozi iphrojekthi engakwazi ukuyixhasa ngezimali futhi isebenze.

Lo mhlahlandlela uqhathanisa imindeni yobuchwepheshe be-LDES eyinhloko, uchaza ukuthi ubude besikhathi bubalwa kanjani, ubonisa lapho ukugcinwa okude kungadala inani, futhi unikeze uhlaka lwesinqumo lwezinsiza, abathuthukisi abavuselelekayo, ama-microgrid, nabasebenzisi bamandla ezimboni.

Siyini-Isitoreji Samandla Sesikhathi Eside?

I-LDES iwuhlelo lokugcina amandla oluklanyelwe ukukhipha amandla agciniwe isikhathi eside. Incazelo yamanje yohlelo lwe-DOE isebenzisa umkhawulo wokuthiAmahora angu-10 noma ngaphezulu. I-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), nokho, iphawula ukuthi{1}}isikhathi sokulondoloza isikhathi eside asichazwa umngcele owodwa omile kuyo yonke imboni nocwaningo. Yingakho inani eliqondile lamahora kufanele lihlanganiswe nenkinga yokusebenza.

I-DOE futhi isebenzisa uhlaka oluyimifanekiso lokuthunyelwa oluhlukanisa isitoreji sibe -ubude besikhathi,{1}}phakathi{1}}nosuku,{2}}eziningi, nezinhlelo zokusebenza zesizini. Kulolo hlaka,{4}}isitoreji sobude obufushane amahora angu-0–10,{7}}phakathi{7}}nosuku lwe-LDES amahora angu-10–36,{10}}izinsuku eziningi ze-LDES amahora angu-36–160, futhi ukushintsha kwesizini kuqala ngaphezu kwamahora angu-160. Lawa mabhendi awusizo ekuhleleni isistimu, kodwa awawona umkhawulo wobuchwepheshe obujwayelekile.

Kubafundi abadinga umehluko ocacile phakathi kwamandla namandla agciniwe, isayithikW vs. kWh umhlahlandlelauchaza ubudlelwano obufanayo ngezinga elincane.

Bubalwa Kanjani Ubude Besikhathi Sokugcina Amandla?

Ubude besikhathi besitoreji buxhuma umthamo wamandla asebenzisekayo wesistimu namandla awo okukhipha:

Ubude besikhathi sesitoreji=umthamo wamandla asebenzisekayo (MWh) ÷ amandla okukhipha (MW)

Isibonelo, iphrojekthi eno-1,000 MWh wamandla asebenzisekayo kanye nesilinganiso sokukhishwa esingu-100 MW sinesikhathi sethiyori:

1,000 MWh ÷ 100 MW=10 amahora

Lesi sibalo esilula siyisiqalo, akusona isiqinisekiso sokusebenza esiphelele. Ubude besikhathi sangempela sokusebenza bungathinteka yisimo-se{2}}semikhawulo yezindleko, imithwalo eyinsalela, ukulahlekelwa kokuguqulwa, izinga lokushisa, ukuwohloka, amazinga amancane okusebenza, kanye nokuthi iphrojekthi kufanele igcine umkhawulo obekiwe yini.

Lo mehluko ubalulekile ngesikhathi sokuthenga. Iphrojekthi kufanele icacise okudingekayoiyasebenzisekaI-MWh ezingeni elifanele lamandla nezimo zokusebenza kunokuthembela kuphela esilinganisweni samandla se-nameplate.

Kungani Sidingeka-Isitoreji Samandla Sesikhathi Eside?

Icala le-LDES livela ekungalinganisweni kwamandla okuhlala isikhathi eside kunesitora-sokugcina isikhathi esifushane esivamile esingamboza ngokwezomnotho noma ngokusebenza. Ukukhiqizwa kwelanga kungadlula isidingo phakathi nosuku futhi kuwele kuqanda ngemva kokushona kwelanga. Ukukhipha umoya kungahlala kubuthakathaka amahora amaningi noma, kwezinye izinhlelo, izinsuku eziningi. Amasayithi ezimboni kanye nama-microgrid angase adinge ukuvala ukuphela noma izithiyo zikaphethiloli ezidlulela ngale kwewindi{4}}elivamile lebhethri lamahora amane.

Ukushintsha Amandla Avuselelekayo Ngalé Kwesiqongo Sakusihlwa

Ibhethri-elifanele amahora amane lingase lifaneleke kahle ukuhamba-ntambama ngelanga lelanga ukuya kusihlwa. Uma ushintsho oludingekayo luqhubeka ebusuku noma ekuseni ngakusasa, iphrojekthi idinga umthamo wamandla amaningi kakhulu okukhiphayo okufanayo kwe-MW. Yilapho ubuchwepheshe obunamandla aphansi{4}}izindleko zomthamo, impilo yomjikelezo omude, noma izindawo zokugcina amanzi zingaqhudelana kakhulu.

Umqondo ofanayo wokusebenza uyasebenza kuukushintshwa komthwalo ngesitoreji samandla: inani lesitoreji lincike ekubumbeni nasesikhathini somthwalo kanye nokusabalala kwentengo, hhayi nje ekufakeni i-MWh eyengeziwe.

Ukusekela Amandla kanye Nokwethenjwa Kwegridi

Amasistimu kagesi adinga umthamo owenele othembekile ukuze afeze izidingo lapho ukukhiqizwa okuguquguqukayo kuphansi. I-LDES ingaba negalelo lapho-inkathi yokulayisha inetha ephezulu ihlala isikhathi eside kunenani eliphakeme elifushane, kodwa inani lenani lomthamo lincike ohlelweni lwendawo, ukuhlobana kwesimo sezulu, ukudluliswa kwempahla, imithetho yemakethe, kanye nethuba lokuthi amandla agciniwe asazotholakala lapho kudingeka.

Ngakho-ke ubude besikhathi busetshenziswa kuphela uma inkinga yesistimu iyinde ngempela. Impahla yamahora angu-20 ayidali inani elingeziwe uma uhlelo lokusebenza ludinga amahora amane kuphela.

Ukunciphisa Ukunciphisa Okuvuselelekayo

Isitoreji singabamba ugesi obungancishiswa futhi siwuchithe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ithuba liba likhulu kakhulu lapho izikhathi zokugcwala okuvuselelekayo kanye nesidingo esikhulu zihlukaniswa ngamahora amaningi. Izinsiza ezicabangela lesi simo sokusebenzisa kufanele zihlole i-LDES ngokuhambisana nokunwetshwa kokudlulisela, isidingo esivumelana nezimo, izinguquko zesizukulwane, kanye nesitoreji esivamile esifushane-sesikhathini sokuphatha kunokuphatha isitoreji njengokuphela kwenketho.

Ukuqina Kwama-Microgrid kanye Nemithwalo Ebucayi

Ubude besikhathi esigciniwe{0}}samandla singasekela amagridi akude, izindawo zezimboni, amakhampasi, izikhungo zedatha, nengqalasizinda ebalulekile phakathi nokuphazamiseka okunwetshiwe. Ayikwenzi, ngokwayo, ikwazi ukwenza isipele. Idizayini eqinile futhi idinga ama-inverter afanelekile noma okokusebenza kokuguqula amandla, izilawuli, amandla okugoqa, ukuvikelwa,{3}}isu lokuqala elimnyama lapho kudingekile, kanye nenqubomgomo echaziwe yokubeka.

Ukuze uthole-izinga lezakhiwo zesayithi, bheka umhlahlandlela wokuthiidizayini yesistimu yokugcina ibhethri ye-microgrid.

Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko-zesitoreji samandla sesikhathi eside

I-LDES ihlanganisa imindeni eminingi yobuchwepheshe. Uhlelo lwe-DOE's Storage Innovations 2030 luhlola izindlela ze-electrochemical, mechanical, thermal, kanye namakhemikhali, kuyilapho iphrojekthi ye-IEEE eqhubekayo ye-P1679.5 ithuthukisa isiqondiso sokuhlola okuhlosiwe{3}}kobuchwepheshe bokulondoloza isikhathi eside ezinhlelweni ezimile. Kusukela ngo-Agasti 2026, i-P1679.5 iyinhlanganoI-PAR esebenzayo, hhayi indinganiso yokugcina ye-IEEE eshicilelwe.

Amabhethri Agelezayo

Amabhethri agelezayo agcina izinto ezisebenzayo kuma-electrolyte awuketshezi agcinwe emathangeni angaphandle futhi awajikeleze ngezitaki ze-electrochemical. Izakhiwo zabo zingavumela umthamo wamandla kanye nezisetshenziswa zamandla ukuthi zikalwe ngokuzimela kunamasistimu amaningi ebhethri ajwayelekile. Ukugeleza kwe-Vanadium redox iyikhemistri yezohwebo{{2}eyaziwa kakhulu, kodwa amanye amakhemikhali anamanzi -angenamanzi nawo asathuthukiswa.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa phakathi kwereservoir yamandla nesitaki samandla kukhanga{0}}isikhathi eside sokulondoloza umile, ikakhulukazi uma ukuhamba ngamabhayisikili njalo nempilo yesevisi ende kubalulekile. Izinzuzo zohwebo-zibandakanya amaphampu, amathangi, ukuphathwa kwe-electrolyte, i-footprint, ukuhlanganiswa kwesistimu, kanye ne-supply chain ekhulile kancane kune-lithium{3}}.

Ekuhloleni ukugeleza kwebhethri-kwe-DOE ka-2023, isistimu yokugeleza ye-vanadium eyireferensi engu-100 MW/10{5}}yamahora angu-100 -yasebenzisa{9}}ukuqagela kokuya nokubuya kanye nesisekelo se-electrolyte engu-10,000. Lokho okokufaka kokuhlola, hhayi ukucaciswa komthengisi wendawo yonke, kodwa kubonisa ukuthi kungani impilo yomjikelezo kanye nokukala kwamandla amandla kungabaluleka njengokusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwezomnotho ze-LDES.

I-Pumped-Storage Hydropower

I-Pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) ihambisa amanzi phakathi kwamadamu ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene. Ugesi usetshenziselwa ukumpompa amanzi phezulu; lapho amandla edingeka, amanzi ageleza abuyele kuma-turbines ukuze akhiqize ugesi.

I-PSH insiza esungulwe kakhulu-yesikali-sokugcina ubuchwepheshe besikhathi eside. I-DOE ibika ukuthi isitoreji esimpontshiwe njengamanje simele ingxenye enkulu yensiza yase-US-yesikali samandla-amandla esitoreji futhi ikuchaza njengobuchwepheshe obuphambili bokuhweba isikhathi eside{7}}sokulondoloza. Ukuqhathanisa okujwayelekile kwe-PNNL okungu-100 MW/10{12}}amahora kusetshenziswe cishe u-80% ukuya nokubuya{14}}ukusebenza kahle kohambo kanye nokuqagela kwempilo yekhalenda yeminyaka engu-60 ye-PSH.

Umkhawulo uwukusitha. Iphrojekthi ekhangayo ngobuchwepheshe isadinga ukuphakama okufanele, ukumiswa kwechibi, isu lamanzi, izimo ze-geotechnical, ukufinyelela kokudlulisela, ukubuyekezwa kwemvelo, kanye nomugqa wesikhathi wokuthuthukiswa ongaba yinde kakhulu kunamabhethri ajwayelekile.

Njengesibonelo sesikali esiphathekayo, Isiteshi Sesitoreji Se-Dominion Energy's Bath County Pumped Storage eVirginia sinamandla okukhiqiza angu-3,003 MW futhi sisebenze ngokwentengiso kusukela ngo-1985. Sibonisa isikali nempilo ende engenzeka nge-PSH, kodwa futhi nesayithi{3}}ingqalasizinda ethile yomphakathi ehilelekile.

Isitoreji samandla omoya esicindezelwe{{0}

Isitoreji samandla omoya esicindezelwe{{0}(CAES) sisebenzisa ugesi ukuze iminyanise umoya ukuze siwugcine futhi kamuva sandise lowo moya ngenqubo-yokukhiqiza amandla. Eminye imiklamo isebenzisa imigede kasawoti engaphansi komhlaba noma okunye ukwakheka kwe-geological efanele, kuyilapho imiqondo emisha iphishekela enye imikhumbi noma imijikelezo ye-thermodynamic ethuthukisiwe.

I-CAES inganikeza amandla amakhulu kanye nempilo ende yokusebenza, kodwa iphrofayili yayo yezomnotho nemvelo incike kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezitshalo. Amasistimu avamile we-diabatic angase asebenzise uphethiloli ngesikhathi sokuphuma, kuyilapho imiqondo ethuthukisiwe ye-adiabatic noma isothermal ihlose ukunciphisa noma ukugwema leyo mfuneko. Isitoreji se-geological futhi singenza ukubeka indawo ibe yisithiyo esiwujuqu.

Isitoreji Samandla Ashisayo

Isitoreji esishisayo siguqula amandla abe ukushisa noma ukubanda futhi awagcine ezintweni ezifana nosawoti oncibilikisiwe, amadwala, isihlabathi, amanzi,{0}}izinto zokushintsha isigaba, noma enye imidiya. Amandla ashisayo agciniwe angasetshenziswa ngokuqondile ekushiseni kwemboni, amandla esifunda, ukupholisa, noma aguqulwe abuyele kugesi.

Ukusebenzisa okushisayo okuqondile kungakhanga ikakhulukazi ngoba kugwema ukuguqulwa okungadingekile kubuyele kugesi. Ugesi-ukuya{2}}kusitoreji esishisayo sikagesi ungasebenza{3}}izinhlelo zokusebenza zegridi yesikhathi eside, kodwa ukusebenza kahle nokucushwa kwezitshalo kuyahluka kakhulu ngobuchwepheshe. Ngalesi sizathu, "ukusebenza kahle kwesitoreji esishisayo" akumele neze kucashunwe njengenombolo eyodwa yendawo yonke.

I-Hydrogen kanye Nesinye Isitoreji Samakhemikhali

Ugesi ungaguqulwa ube yi-hydrogen ngokusebenzisa i-electrolysis, ugcinwe, futhi kamuva usetshenziswe kuseli likaphethiloli, i-turbine, injini, inqubo yezimboni, noma okunye ukusetshenziswa kokugcina. Izithwali zamandla amakhemikhali zibalulekile ikakhulukazi lapho ubude besikhathi besitoreji siba bude kakhulu noma lapho amanani ephrojekthi eqa{1}}ukusetshenziswa komkhakha ngaphezu kokugcinwa kukagesi.

Ukuhweba{0}}okuyinhloko ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa. Ukuqhathanisa okujwayelekile kwe-PNNL ka-2022 kusetshenziswe cishe u-31% -ukusebenza kahle kohambo lokuya nokubuya ekucushweni kwesitoreji se-hydrogen esiphindwe kabili, esiphansi kakhulu kune-lithium{5}}ion noma i-hydro pumped. Inzuzo engaba khona ayikona ukusebenza kahle; yikhono lokugcina amandla amakhulu isikhathi eside lapho indawo yokugcina kanye nengqalasizinda kufanelekile.

I-Lithium-I-Ion namanye Amabhethri

I-Lithium-ion ayikhishiwe ku-LDES. I-Lithium-ion ichaza ikhemistri; I-LDES ichaza ubude besikhathi nohlelo lokusebenza. Isistimu ye-lithium-ye-ion ingadizayinelwa amahora angu-10 noma ngaphezulu, nakuba ezomnotho, ukukhulisa amandla, ukuphathwa kokushisa, ukuwohloka, indawo yonyawo, nezimo zewaranti zibaluleka kakhulu njengoba ubude bamandla bukhuphuka.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-PNNL okumisiwe okungu-100 MW/10-amahora kubeke i-lithium-i-ion LFP ne-NMC cishe ku-84%{5}}uhambo oluhamba kahle lokuzungeza, oluphakeme kunokulungiselelwa kwe-flow-battery ne-hydrogen kudathasethi efanayo. Leyo nzuzo yokusebenza ibalulekile, kodwa ayiqinisekisi i-LCOS ephansi kakhulu yawo wonke umjikelezo womsebenzi.

Ukuze uthole ukuqhathanisa okubanzi kwamakhemikhali, bhekaizinhlobo ezahlukene zebhethri zokugcina amandla.

Ukuqhathanisa i-LDES Technologies

Ithebula elingezansi liyireferensi yesinqumo, hhayi ishidi lokucaciswa komthengisi. Ubude besikhathi buthambekele kuhlelo lokusebenza{1}, kanti ukusebenza kahle kanye nezibalo zempilo kufanele kuhlolwe kuqhathaniswe nedizayini yesistimu. Lapho amanani ezinombolo esebenza kahle eboniswa, abhekisela ekuqhathanisweni kwe-PNNL okungu-100 MW/10 wamahora kusukela ekuhloleni kwayo kuka-2022, okusebenzise okokufaka kokusebenza kwenkathi ka-2021. I-PNNL manje igcina okubuyekeziweIzindleko Zokulondolozwa Kwamandla kanye Nesizindalwazi Sokusebenzangezindleko zamanje kanye nomsebenzi wokusebenza.

-Ubude Besikhathi Sesitoreji Samandla vs. I-Lithium{2}}Amabhethri e-Ion

I-LDES ivamise ukwethulwa njengenye indlela ye-lithium-ion, kodwa lokho kuhlaka akuphelele. I-Lithium-ion inketho eyodwa yobuchwepheshe ngaphakathi kwendawo yesitoreji ebanzi. Ukuqhathanisa okulungile kuphakathi kokuhlelwa okuphelele kwephrojekthi okuhlangabezana namandla afanayo, amandla, ubude besikhathi, ukuhamba ngebhayisikili, ukwethembeka, kanye nezidingo zesayithi.

Lapho I-Lithium-I-Ion Inenzuzo

• Ukusebenza kahle kohambo{0}lokubuya nokubuya.
• Ukusabela okusheshayo namandla aqinile-okulawula amandla.
• Ukuthunyelwa kwe-modular nokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa.
• Isizinda esikhulu sokukhiqiza kanye ne-ecosystem yokuhlanganisa esunguliwe.
• Isipiliyoni sokusebenza esibanzi kanye nezakhiwo zezentengiselwano zamabhange.

Kungani Ubude Besikhathi Esibude bushintsha Ukwakheka Kwezindleko

Njengoba isikhathi sikhula, iphrojekthi idinga i-MWh eyengeziwe ku-MW ngayinye yamandla okukhipha. Kusistimu yebhethri, lokho ngokuvamile kusho ukungeza amaseli engeziwe, ama-rack, iziqukathi, izinto zokuphatha ezishisayo-, nezinye{2}}izakhi ezihlobene namandla. Kubuchwepheshe obufana namabhethri agelezayo, i-pumped hydro, noma i-CAES, indawo yokugcina amandla ekhuphukayo ingase ikhule ngendlela ehlukile kumandla{4}okusebenza okuguqula.

Yingakho kufakwe i-$/kWh iyodwa kuyimethrikhi yesinqumo engaphelele. Le phrojekthi futhi idinga ukulandisa ngokushaja kwamandla, ukulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle, imvamisa yokugibela amabhayisikili, ukushintshwa noma ukukhulisa, i-O&M engaguquki neguquguqukayo, ukuxhasa ngezimali, impilo yephrojekthi, kanye nenani eliyinsalela.

Ikuphi I-LDES Ewusizo Kakhulu?

Isisetshenziswa-Ukuhlanganiswa Kwesikali Esivuselelekayo

Izinsiza kanye nonjiniyela abavuselelekayo bangasebenzisa-isitoreji sesikhathi eside ukuhambisa amandla asuke emoyeni omkhulu noma emkhiqizweni welanga awayise ezikhathini ezinde zesidingo esikhulu. Ubude besikhathi obudingekayo kufanele buqhamuke ekukhiqizweni kokulandelana kwezikhathi nokumodela kokulayisha esikhundleni sethagethi yamahora angu-10, 12-, noma angu-24.

Ngokwakhiwa kwephrojekthi ebanzi, isizausizo-izixazululo zesitoreji samandlaikhasi linikeza isinyathelo esilandelayo esiwusizo.

Izikhathi Ezinde Eziphakeme Nokusekelwa Kwekhono

Amanye amasistimu ahlangabezana nesidingo esiphezulu se-net isikhathi eside kunokuphakama kwakusihlwa okujwayelekile. Kulezi zimo, i-LDES ingase yehlise inani lokukhiqiza elidingekayo kuphela ngezimo eziphakeme ezinwetshiwe. Inani lamandla kusafanele lihlolwe ngokumelene nemithetho yemakethe yendawo kanye nezindlela zokugunyazwa.

Amagridi akude nama-Microgrid

Amasistimu akude anokudluliselwa okulinganiselwe kanye nokuhlukahluka kukaphethiloli angazuza esilondolozini esimunca okukhiphayo okuguquguqukayo okuvuselelekayo futhi sinciphise inani lamahora okumele asebenze amajeneretha athunyelwayo. Ubude besikhathi obulungile buncike ekulayishweni kwehora kwangempela, ukukhiqizwa kwelanga noma umoya, ukuhanjiswa kukaphethiloli, kanye nezinhloso zokwethembeka.

Amandla Ezimboni kanye Nengqalasizinda Ebalulekile

Izingosi zezimboni zingakwazisa ukushintsha kwamandla, ukuphathwa kwesidingo, ukuhlanganisa okuvuselelekayo, ukushisa kwenqubo, ukuqina, noma inhlanganisela yalokhu. Ubuchwepheshe bokugcina kufanele bukhethwe eduze kwefomu langempela lamandla lesayithi kanye nohlelo lokusebenza. Inqubo yokushisa ingase inikezwe kangcono isitoreji esishisayo kunokuguqula ugesi ube yibhethri bese ubuyela ekushiseni.

Okushodayo{{0}Okuvuselelekayo Kosuku Oluningi

Isitoreji sezinsuku-eziningi singasiza ukuvala izikhathi ezinde zokukhishwa okuphansi okuvuselelekayo, kodwa siqhudelana nokudluliswa, isidingo esivumelana nezimo, ukwakhiwa ngokweqile kokukhiqiza, ukukhiqiza okuthunyelwayo, nezinye izinhlobo zamandla enkampani. Ukuhlelwa kwesistimu kufanele kuqhathanise amaphothifoliyo, hhayi ubuchwepheshe ngokuhlukaniswa.

Izinzuzo-Zesitoreji Samandla Sesikhathi Eside

• Ukushintsha amandla amade:amandla agciniwe angahanjiswa ngobusuku bonke,{0}}phakathi{0}nosuku, noma{1}}izikhathi zezinsuku eziningi.
• Ukusetshenziswa okungcono okuvuselelekayo:ezinye{0}ezincishisiwe zingagcinwa ukuze zisetshenziswe kamuva.
• Ukusekelwa kwamandla:ukukhishwa okude kungamboza izikhathi ezinwetshiwe zengqikithi yesidingo lapho izimpahla ezimfushane zingase ziphelelwe amandla.
• Ukuhlukahluka kobuchwepheshe:amaphrojekthi awanqunyelwe kukhemikhali yebhethri eyodwa noma indlela eyodwa yokugcina.
• Amandla aphansi okungenzeka aphansi-izindleko zomthamo:ezinye izakhiwo zingakhulisa indawo yokugcina amandla ngaphandle kokukala yonke ingxenye yamandla ngokulinganayo.
• Impilo ende yempahla yobuchwepheshe obukhethiwe:amasistimu okugcina omphakathi kanye nemishini angaba nokuphila kwekhalenda okude kakhulu kunezinhlelo eziningi ze-electrochemical.

Izinselelo Nemikhawulo

Ezomnotho: Sebenzisa i-LCOS, Hhayi Phambili Kuphela $/kWh

Izindleko ezifakiwe nge-kWh ngayinye ziwusizo, kodwa azibambi umnotho ophelele wephrojekthi ye-LDES. I-PNNL ichaza izindleko ezilinganiselwe zesitoreji (i-LCOS) njengezindleko zempilo yonke-{2}}ngeyunithi-nganye-ye-metric{5}}ekhishiwe{5}}yamandla engahlanganisa impilo yekhalenda, impilo yomjikelezo, ukujula kokukhishwa, i-O&M, ukumiselela, ukulungisa kabusha, ukuxhasa ngezimali, nezinye izindleko zephrojekthi.

Intanga yango-2026-ucwaningo olubuyekeziwe oluqhathanisa i-adiabatic CAES,{2}}isitoreji samandla okushisa ampontshiwe, ne-lithium-ion kuzo zonke izimo ezingu-24 zathola ukuthi izinga le-LCOS lishintshile ngokwesifunda kanye nesimo sokusetshenziswa; ukuhamba kahle- nokubuya kanye namahora okulayisha agcwele-onyaka aphakathi kwezindleko ezinkulu. Leso isikhumbuzo esiwusizo sokuthi ubuchwepheshe abukwazi ukulinganiswa ngokuzimela ngokuthi buzosebenza kangaki futhi kuphi.

Ukuthola{0}}izingxenye zezindleko ezithize zebhethri, bona isayithiUmhlahlandlela wezindleko ze-BESS.

Ukusebenza Okubalulekile Kubalulekile, Kodwa Akuyona Isixazululo Esiphelele

Ukusebenza kahle kohambo-kukala ukuthi angakanani amandla kagesi atholakele ngokuqhathaniswa namandla asetshenziswa ukushaja isistimu yesitoreji. Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kunciphisa ukulahleka kokushaja, kodwa akukhiqizi ngokuzenzakalelayo izindleko eziphansi kakhulu zokuphila.

Ucwaningo oluqhathanisa nobuchwepheshe obusafufusa be-LDES lugcizelele ukunyathela komhlaba, ukulahlekelwa kokungenzi lutho, ukuguquguquka, ukukala, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nendlela izindleko zemali ezishintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ubuchwepheshe obuphansi-busengakwazi ukuncintisana uma bunamandla aphansi kakhulu-izindleko zomthamo, impilo ende, ukuzikhulula{3}}okuphansi, noma umjikelezo wemisebenzi onemijikelezo embalwa yonyaka uma kuqhathaniswa.

Indawo kanye Nemvume

Ubuchwepheshe be-LDES bungaqondana kakhulu-nesayithi. I-hydro pumped idinga i-topography efanelekile kanye nokuhlelwa kwendawo yokugcina amanzi. I-CAES engaphansi komhlaba ingase incike emihumeni kasawoti noma enye i-geology eyamukelekayo. I-Hydrogen ingase idinge imigede yokugcina, ukucindezelwa, amapayipi, noma imikhumbi ekhethekile. Amabhethri agelezayo adinga ithangi kanye nendawo yezitshalo. Amasistimu ashisayo angase adinge imidiya enkulu yokugcina izinto, i-insulation, nokuhlanganiswa kokushisa kwezimboni.

Imikhawulo yesayithi kufanele ihlolwe ngaphambi kokumodela okuningiliziwe kwezezimali. Uma kungenjalo, ithimba lephrojekthi lingachitha izinyanga lithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obungakwazi ukuvunyelwa ngokwangempela noma ukwakhiwa endaweni.

Ukuvuthwa Kwezobuchwepheshe kanye Nemali Ebhange

Ukusebenza kobuchwepheshe kuyingxenye eyodwa kuphela yokulungela ukuhweba. Ababolekisi, abadayisi bomshwalensi, abanikazi, nosonkontileka be-EPC bangaphinda bahlole umlando wokusebenza, amandla abahlinzeki, imigomo yesiqinisekiso, iziqinisekiso zokusebenza, izibopho zokumiselela, ubufakazi bokuphepha, amandla esevisi, izinkomba zephrojekthi,{1}}nokujula kokuthengwayo.

Lesi esinye sezizathu ezenza ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe buhlale bukhanga ngisho nalapho enye into evelayo ibonakala ingcono elabhorethri eyodwa noma imethrikhi yokumodela.

Ukuphepha Nokuhlanganiswa Kwesistimu

Izidingo zokuphepha ziyahlukahluka ngokwekhemistri nezakhiwo. Amaphrojekthi ebhethri adinga-izinga elifanele kanye nesistimu{2}}ukuvikelwa kwezinga, ukuphathwa kokushisa, ukutholwa, isu lokucindezela, izilawuli, nokuhlelwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo. I-Hydrogen,{4}}amasistimu okushisa aphezulu, umoya onomfutho, nemisebenzi emikhulu yomphakathi ngayinye yethula izingozi ezahlukene nezimfuneko zezimvume.

Kumaphrojekthi ebhethri ezimakethe ezisebenzisa izindinganiso zokuphepha zase-US, umhlahlandlela wesayithi uvuliweIsitifiketi se-UL se-BESSinikeza umongo owengeziwe. Amaqembu ephrojekthi kusafanele aqinisekise amakhodi nezindinganiso ezidingwa umkhandlu wendawo onegunya.

Indlela Yokukhetha-Ubuchwepheshe Besitoreji Samandla Esikhathi Eside

1. Chaza inkinga yamandla.

   Yisho umsebenzi ngokwemibandela yokusebenza: shintsha i-solar phakathi nezinsuku ebusuku, vala isiqongo samahora angu-12, usekele igridi ekude, unikeze izinsuku ezintathu zokugcinwa, unciphise ukuncishiswa, noma unikeze ukushisa kwemboni.

2. Bala amandla namandla asebenzisekayo.

   Yenza imodeli ye-MW edingekayo kanye ne-MWh endaweni yokuxhuma. Cacisa ukuthi ingabe isistimu kufanele ilethe amandla aphelele kuso sonke isikhathi noma ilandele iphrofayela yokukhishwa eguquguqukayo.

3. Imodeli yomjikelezo wemisebenzi.

   Linganisela imijikelezo ngosuku noma ngonyaka, isikhathi sokulondoloza esivamile ngaphambi kokukhipha, ukujula kokukhipha, izimfuneko zokugodla, nezikhathi zokungenzi lutho ezilindelekile. Ezomnotho zansuku zonke-zokugibela amabhayisikili zihluke kakhulu ekusebenziseni izimo eziphuthumayo noma zonyaka.

4. Imikhawulo yesayithi yesikrini.

   Hlola umhlaba, igeology, amanzi, ukuxhumana, ukubuyekezwa kwemvelo, izimfuneko zokuphepha zomlilo nokuphila{0}}, ukufinyelela kwezokuthutha, amapayipi, kanye nesandulela sokuvumela ngaphambi kokuzibophezela kuhlu olufushane lobuchwepheshe.

5. Qhathanisa{0}}impilo yonke yezomnotho.

   Sebenzisa uhlaka lwezezimali oluvamile oluhlanganisa okokusebenza kwamandla, indawo yokugcina amandla, ukuhlanganiswa, amandla ashajayo, ukulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle, ukucekelwa phansi, ukukhuliswa, ukumiselela, i-O&M, ukuxhasa ngezimali, izintela, ukuhoxiswa, kanye nenani eliyinsalela lapho kufanele khona.

6. Hlola ukukwazi ukubhanga.

   Buyekeza amandla ezezimali omphakeli, izimoto zokusebenza, iziqinisekiso, iziqinisekiso zokusebenza, isibopho se-EPC,{0}}isevisi yesikhathi eside, izingxenye eziyisipele, umshwalense, nokwamukelwa kombolekisi.

7. Qalisa amacala okuzwela.

   Hlola ukuthi kwenzekani uma amanani kagesi, ukusetshenziswa, izindleko zezimali, ukusebenza kahle, ukushintshwa kwesikhathi, ukubambezeleka kwephrojekthi, noma{0}}ubude besikhathi budinga ukushintshwa. Ezomnotho ze-LDES zizwela kakhulu ukuthi impahla isetshenziswa kaningi kangakanani nokuthi angakanani amandla adingekayo empeleni.

Imibono Engalungile Evamile Mayelana ne-LDES

"I-LDES Iwuhlobo Lwebhethri"

Cha. Amabhethri awumndeni owodwa wobuchwepheshe be-LDES. Isitoreji semishini, esishisayo, esidonsela phansi, kanye namakhemikhali singanikeza{2}}amandla esikhathi eside.

"Noma yini Engaphezu Kwamahora angu-10 Ingcono Ngokuzenzakalelayo"

Cha. Amahora ayishumi awumkhawulo owusizo we-DOE, akusona isiqinisekiso senani. Ubude obungeziwe budala inani kuphela uma igridi noma ikhasimende lidinga amandla agciniwe engeziwe.

"Ubuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle kakhulu buhlala bungcono kakhulu"

Cha. Ukusebenza kahle kuthinta izindleko zokushaja, kodwa i-LCOS iphinde incike ekusetshenzisweni, umjikelezo nempilo yekhalenda, isitoreji{1}}izindleko ezimaphakathi, i-O&M, ukushintshwa, ukuxhasa ngemali, nempilo yephrojekthi.

"I-LDES Inikeza Ngokuzenzakalelayo Amandla Ayisipele"

Cha. Ukusebenza kokulondoloza kuncike ekwakhiweni kukagesi, izilawuli, ukuhlala esiqhingini, ukuvikelwa,{1}}indawo yokugcina amandla, amandla okuqalisa amnyama-amnyama lapho kudingeka, kanye nomthwalo okufanele uhlale unamandla.

"I-Lithium-Ion ayikwazi Ukuba I-LDES"

Lokho kuqinile kakhulu. I-Lithium-ion ingalungiselelwa-isikhathi eside sokusebenza. Umbuzo uwukuthi ingabe lokho kulungiselelwa kuhlala kuncintisana ngokobuchwepheshe, ngokwezimali, nangokokusebenza emjikelezweni womsebenzi odingekayo.

Isiphetho: Qala Ngesevisi Yamandla Edingekayo

Isitoreji samandla{0}eside esibude akuwona umjaho wokukhomba ikhemistri yebhethri ewinayo. Iwumndeni wobuchwepheshe obuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukene phakathi kwezilinganiso zesikhathi ezihlukene.

Iphrojekthi edizayinelwe ukususa amandla elanga kusukela emini kuya phakathi kwamabili ihluke kakhulu kuleyo ehloselwe ukusinda-ekuntuleni okuvuselelekayo kwezinsuku ezintathu. Eyokuqala ingase ithande{2}}isistimu yemodular esebenza kahle kakhulu ejikeleza nsuku zonke. Okwesibili kungase kubeke inani elikhulu-emandleni abizayo aphansi, ukuzikhipha{5}}okuncane, amachibi amakhulu, noma impilo ende kakhulu.

Ngakho-ke amaphrojekthi we-LDES aqine kakhulu aqala ngezinombolo ezintathu:amandla adingekayo, amandla asebenzisekayo, kanye nobude besikhathi obudingekayo. Uma lezo sezichaziwe, onjiniyela bangaqhathanisa ubuchwepheshe ezintweni ezinquma ukuthi iphrojekthi ingakhiwa ngempela, ixhaswe ngemali, isetshenziswe, futhi ikhokhwe impilo yayo yonke.