Izinto zokuguqula{0}}zohlobo lwe-anode ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa ama-metal oxides, ama-phosphides, ama-sulfide, nama-nitrides. Ezinqubweni ze-electrochemical, lezi zinto zikhuthaza ukwakheka noma ukubolai-lithium compoundsngokunciphisa noma ukusabela kwe-oxidation kwezinsimbi. Ngoba bangabamba iqhaza-ezinqubweni eziningi ze-electron redox, ama-anode asuselwe kulezi zinto ezisetshenziswayo abonisa amandla abuyiselekayo afinyelela ku-1000 mA·bg.
FeOₓ
Ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi, ubuthi obuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, insada yemithombo yemvelo, futhi ikakhulukazi umthamo othize ophezulu wetiyori, izinto ze-iron oxide zicutshungulwe kabanzi njengezisetshenziswa ze-anode zamabhethri e-lithium{0}}ion. Izinhlanganisela ze-iron oxide ezijwayelekile zifaka i--Fe₂O₃, -Fe₂O₃, ne-Fe₃O₄. Lezi zinhlanganisela zibonisa amakhono athile etiyetha cishe angu-1007 mA·h/g kanye no-926 mA·h/g, ngokulandelana. Nokho, i-iron oxide ibhekana nezinkinga eziningi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo. I-kinetics ehamba kancane yokuthutha ama-electron/ion kanye nokwanda/ukufinyela kwevolumu enzima phakathi nezinqubo zokushaja okuphindaphindiwe—kuholela ekuboleni kwamandla okusheshayo kanye nokusebenza kabi kwezinga le-iron oxide electrode. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ze-iron oxide ngobuningi zine-conductivity ephansi kagesi ngokwemvelo. Ukuze kubhekwane nalezi zinkinga, abacwaningi baye bathatha ngokuyinhloko amasu afana ne-morphology kanye nokulawulwa kwesakhiwo, i-carbon coating, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinto eziyinhlanganisela ezinama-substrates aqhuba kakhulu. Lezi zindlela zivame ukuzuza imiphumela ye-synergistic ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela yamasu amaningi, futhi enye inqubekelaphambili yenziwe.
I-CoOₓ
Ama-Cobalt oxides (CoOₓ), afana ne-Co₃O₄ ne-CoO, nawo acutshungulwe kabanzi njengezisetshenziswa ze-anode zamabhethri e-lithium-ion ngenxa yamandla awo aphezulu athiyori. Njengama-iron oxides, i-CoOₓ ihlushwa izinselele ezifanayo: ukushintsha kwevolumu enkulu phakathi nenqubo yokushaja-ukukhipha, ukungaphatheki kahle kukagesi ngaphakathi, kanye ne-kinetics yokusabela kancane, okuholela ekuboleni kwamandla okusheshayo nokuzinza kwebhayisikili. UGuan et al. enziwe eyodwa-isigaba sesishiyagalombili-ama-nanodisk asemaceleni e-Co₃O₄ esebenzisa umoya-mpilo njengesandulela sokusabela. Lawa ma-nanodisk abenosayizi wezinhlayiyana ongu-100–200 nm futhi alethe umthamo othize obuyisele emuva cishe ongu-474 mA·h/g lapho uqhutshwa ngamabhayisikili ngokuminyana okuphezulu kwamanje. Lo mphumela ubonisa ukuthi i-morphology nosayizi wezinhlayiyana kunomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-electrochemical kwe-CoOₓ. Wang et al. kulungiswe ama-Co₃O₄ ama-nanoneedles akhule ngokuqondile ku-titanium substrate kusetshenziswa indlela ye-hydrothermal. Lawa ma-nanoneedles awabonisi nje kuphela ukuthintana kukagesi okuhle kakhulu nomqoqi wamanje kodwa futhi avimbele ngempumelelo ukunwetshwa kwevolumu. Ngemuva kwemijikelezo engu-30 ku-0.2C, basalokhu begcina umthamo ophezulu obuyiselekayo ongu-1015 mA·h/g.
Kuzinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ze-CoOₓ ezakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, umthelela we-synergistic phakathi kwezingxenye ungathuthukisa nakakhulu ukusebenza kwe-electrochemical. Isibonelo, ukuhlanganisa i-cobalt oxide nezinto ezisekelwe kukhabhoni eqhuba kakhulu{1}noma amanye ama-oxide ensimbi kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwesilinganiso nokuzinza kokugibela ibhayisikili. Lokhu kuholele ekwandiseni ukunaka ekwakhiweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo eziyinhlanganisela kulo mkhakha.
ZnO
I-Zinc oxide iphinde yaheha ukunakwa okubanzi njenge-anode material yamabhethri e-lithium-i-ion ngenxa yomthamo wayo othize ophakeme uma kuqhathaniswa, izindleko eziphansi, ukulungiselela kalula, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ze-morphology. I-ZnO ihlangana ne-lithium ngokusebenzisa indlela ehlanganisiwe yokwenza ingxubevange (yakha ingxubevange ye-Li–Zn) nokuguqulwa (ukwakha i-Li₂O). Umthamo wayo othize othize ungafinyelela ku-978 mA·h/g, ophakeme kakhulu kunalowo wama-graphite anode. Kodwa-ke, i-zinc oxide ihlushwa ukungaphatheki kahle kukagesi, ukwanda/ukufinyela kwevolumu enzima phakathi nemijikelezo yokushaja ephindaphindiwe, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwenani elikhulu le-Li₂O engasebenzi ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngebhayisikili. Lezi zici ziholela ekuwohlokeni komthamo ngokushesha, izinga eliphansi lokusebenza, kanye nempilo yomjikelezo omfushane wama-electrode e-ZnO. Ukuze kubhekwane nalezi zinkinga, abacwaningi basebenzise amasu anjenge-morphology nokulawulwa kwesakhiwo, i-carbon coating, doping with heteroatoms, kanye nokwakha izinhlanganisela ezisekelwe ku-ZnO{7}ezinama-substrates aqhuba kahle kakhulu. Lezi zindlela zivame ukufeza ukusebenza okungcono kwe-lithium yokugcina ngokuhlanganisa amasu amaningi okuguqula, futhi ezinye izinhlanganisela zensimbi ze-zincate nazo zibonisa ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwe-electrochemical.
4. MPₓ
I-Metal phosphides iphinde yaheha ukunaka okusabalele ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ze-anode zamabhethri e-lithium-ioni eminyakeni yakamuva. Lezi zinhlanganisela ngokuvamile zisabela nge-lithium ngomshini wokuguqula futhi ngokuvamile ziba namandla akhethekile wethiyori ngenxa-yokusabela kokudluliswa kwama-electron amaningi ngeyunithi ngayinye yefomula. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile bahlushwa ukunwetshwa kwevolumu enkulu ngesikhathi se-lithiation / delithiation, okuholela e-pulverization kanye nokulahlekelwa ukuxhumana kagesi phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezisebenzayo kanye nomqoqi wamanje, okuvimbela kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwabo okusebenzayo.
Phakathi kwazo, i-ayoni, i-cobalt, i-nickel,{0}i-phosphide esekelwe e-copper iye yacwaningwa kakhulu eminyakeni yakamuva. Uma sithatha i-iron phosphides njengesibonelo, amandla awo akhethekile angafinyelela ku-500–1800 mA·h/g. Ukwengeza, ama-phosphides ensimbi ngokuvamile abonisa ukuphakama kwe-lithium yokugcina i-lithium (imvamisa engu-0.5–1 V vs. Li⁺/Li) kunama-oxide ensimbi nama-sulfide ensimbi, esiza ukunciphisa ingozi yokwakheka kwe-lithium dendrite ngesikhathi sokushaja okusheshayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-phosphides ensimbi ngokuvamile abonisa ukusebenza kukagesi okuphezulu kunama-oxide ensimbi ahambisanayo, anenzuzo ekuthuthukiseni izinga lokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, idizayini enengqondo yama-metal phosphide nanostructures nezinhlanganisela zawo ngezinto ezisuselwa kukhabhoni{10}sekuyisiqondiso esibalulekile socwaningo kulo mkhakha. Izibonelo zifaka i-Ni₂P, i-NiP₂, i-NiP₃, i-Ni₅P₄, i-CoP, i-Co₂P, i-CoP₃, i-FeP, i-FeP₂, i-Cu₃P, njll. Lezi zinhlanganisela zibonise ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwesitoreji se-lithium ocwaningweni, okubonisa amandla amakhulu okusetshenziswa okungokoqobo. I-Ni₂P ne-Li-Ni-P ternary compounds ingakwazi ngisho nokuzuza i-lithium esheshayo{14}}yokuhlangana kwe-ion/deintercalation ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile kanye nokuhamba kahle kukagesi.