Amasistimu Okugcina Amandla Ebhethrisebenza ngokuguqula ugesi ube amandla amakhemikhali futhi uhlehlise leyo nqubo ngokufunwa ngamaseli ahlanganisiwe e-lithium-amaseli e-ion, ihadiwe yokuguqulwa kwamandla, okokusebenza kokulawula okushisayo, nesofthiwe yokulawula ukugada - izingxenye okufanele zisebenze ngaphansi kokubekezelelana kuqine kakhulu kunalokho okungake kusikiselwe izimemezelo zephrojekthi ecwebezelayo. Inselele yangempela ayikona ukwakha iyunithi eyodwa esebenzayo kodwa kunalokho ukuhlela izinkulungwane zamaseli ngamanye ukuze aziphathe njengesistimu eyodwa ehambisanayo kuyilapho ulawula amamodi okuhluleka anqwabelana ngokuphindaphindeka kuyo yonke irekhi, yonke imojula, lonke ilunga le-weld. Lokhu kufakwa kugxilisa ukuqina kwegridi kuwo wonke amazwekazi amathathu hhayi ngoba ubunjiniyela bulula - akubona okwangempela - kodwa ngenxa yokuthi okuvuselelekayo ngezikhathi ezithile kufuna okuthile okukwazi ukumunca ukukhiqizwa kwemali eningi ngo-2 PM futhi kuyijove futhi ngo-7 PM lapho okukhipha amandla elanga kuphahlazeka futhi wonke umuntu avule isiyondisi sabo somoya ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Inkinga yokulinganisa kwamaseli akekho oyichaza kahle
Nakhu okushiwo amashidi angeke akutshele: isimo sokushaja sokungafani sika-10% kuphela kulo lonke uchungechunge{1}amaseli axhunyiwe singakhiya u-20% womthamo wakho we-nameplate. Amaphesenti angamashumi amabili. Ekufakeni okungu-100 MWh okungu-20 MWh okukhokhele kodwa awukwazi ukufinyelela.
I-physics ayinakuthethelela. Uma amaseli ochungechungeni efinyelela amazinga okushaja ahlukene - futhi ehlala efika, ekugcineni - iseli elibuthaka lisho ukuziphatha kwesistimu. Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, lelo seli elibuthakathaka lishaya i-voltage yalo yokunqamuka kuqala futhi linqamule yonke iyunithi yezinhlamvu. Ngesikhathi sokushaja, iseli eliqine kakhulu ligcwala kuqala futhi liphoqelele ukuvala shaqa kuyilapho omakhelwane behlala-bengenalutho. Isistimu yakho Yesitoreji Samandla Ebhethri iba isibambi sengxenye yayo{7}}esebenza kabi kakhulu.
I-LFP chemistry yenza lokhu kube kubi kakhulu ngezindlela ezibamba abantu bengaqaphile. Ijika le-voltage cishe liyisicaba phakathi kwesimo sokushaja esingu-20% no-80%. Umehluko ongu-40 millivolt kumatheminali - ongaphansi komsindo kwamanye amasistimu wokulinganisa - ungafihla igebe phakathi komthamo wangempela ongu-96% no-38%. Ama-algorithms okulinganisa asekelwe ku-voltage wendabuko{10}abheka lo mugqa ophansi futhi empeleni uyayeka. Zingasebenza kuphela ezifundeni zamadolo phezulu ngokwedlulele nangaphansi kwejika lokushaja lapho amandla ogesi aphendula khona ekushintsheni kwesimo sokushaja.
Ngichithe amasonto amathathu ngo-2022 ngisiza ithimba eligunyazayo ukuthi lijahe udaba lwamandla e-phantom kuphrojekthi ye-50 MW eTexas. I-Battery Energy Storage Systems iphumelele zonke izivivinyo zikagesi. Amaseli abukeka emuhle ngawodwana. Kuvele ukuthi amamojula ayisithupha agqitshwe kurekhi yesithathu ayesengene ekungalinganini okungapheli i-BMS ingakwazi ukukubona ngoba akekho ofake isistimu ngokugcwele ngesikhathi sokushiswa{5}}. Isifunda samandla kagesi ayisicaba sifihle yonke into kwaze kwaba yilapho sihlola umthamo ofanele futhi sashoda ngo-8% we-nameplate.
Okwenziwa yi-BMS empeleni (futhi engakwenzi)
Amasistimu okuphatha ibhethri athengiswa njengabanakekeli abawazi konke. Eqinisweni baqapha imishini enezindawo eziyimpumputhe ezibalulekile.
I-BMS ikala i-terminal voltage, ukugeleza kwamanje, nezinga lokushisa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Kulokhu ilinganisela isimo senkokhiso, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela ethile yokubala kwe-coulomb namathebula okubheka amandla kagesi. Ukunemba kuncike ngokuphelele ekutheni lawo mathebula okubheka afana kanjani namaseli akho angempela ngaphansi kwezimo zakho zangempela zokusebenza - ukufaneleka okuwohlokayo ngokushesha kunalokho okuvunywa abathengisi.
Ukubala kwe-Coulomb kuqongelela amaphutha amancane ngawo wonke umjikelezo. Izilinganiso zokuzikhipha-ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwamaseli nezici ezincike emlandweni wezinga lokushisa, ubudala, nendawo yokukhiqiza. Ngaphandle kwemicimbi yokulungiswa kabusha kwezikhathi eziletha iphekhi endaweni eyireferensi eyaziwayo, isimo sakho sokushaja silinganisela ukukhukhuleka. Ngibone amasistimu lapho i-SOC ebonisiwe ihluke kokungokoqobo ngamaphesenti ayishumi nanhlanu phakathi nezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili zokusebenza ngoba isayithi alizange lisebenzise umjikelezo wokushaja ogcwele. I-algorithm isanda kugcina ihlanganisa izilinganiso zamanje ngokumelene nereferensi eyayingasekho.
Imisebenzi yokuvikela isebenza kangcono. Ukunqamuka kwe-overvoltage kanye ne-undervoltage, imikhawulo ye-overcurrent, ama-threshold okuvalwa kwe-thermal - lena imingcele eqinile ehamba lapho izilinganiso zidlula ama-setpoints. Kulula. Uthembekile. Futhi ngandlela thize, ngoba ngesikhathi ufinyelela imikhawulo yokuvikela usuvele ugcizelele amaseli akho ngaphezu kobubanzi bokusebenza obufanele.
Iqiniso elishisayo le-runaway
Wonke amaseli e-lithium-aqukethe amandla anele agciniwe ukuze abangele izinkinga uma lawo mandla ephuma ngokungalawuleki. Ukushisa okushisayo kwenzeka lapho ukushisisa kwangaphakathi kudlula ikhono leseli lokuqeda ukushisa, okubangela ukusabela kwe-exothermic okukhiqiza ukushisa okwengeziwe, okucupha ukusabela okwengeziwe, okukhiqiza amagesi avuthayo, angavutha noma aqhume kuye ngezimo zokuphatha.
Isigameko sase-Arizona ngo-2019 sashintsha ubudlelwano bomkhakha nale ngozi. Izicishamlilo ziphendule emlilweni we-BESS, zasondela esitsheni ngemva kokubona amalangabi abonakalayo, zavula umnyango ukuze zihlole izimo - futhi ifu elinqwabelene le-hydrogen{3}}i-offgas ecebile yathola umthombo wokuthungela. Ukuqhuma kwalalisa abantu abane bokuqala esibhedlela.
I-South Korea ibe nemililo ye-BESS engu-23 ehlukene phakathi kuka-2017 no-2019. Uhulumeni wavala izinhlelo zokusebenza ezweni lonke kuyilapho abaphenyi besebenza ngezindlela zokuhluleka. Kulandelwe izinguquko zedizayini. Ukufakwa okusha kulandele imithetho ehlukene. Kwase kwenzeka eminye imililo noma kunjalo.
Ikhemikhali ye-LFP yehlisa amathuba okubaleka okushisayo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-NMC. Isakhiwo sekristalu ye-olivine sizinzile ngokwezinga lokushisa. Izehlakalo zokwehluleka nge-gigawatt{2}}ngehora ngalinye ezisetshenzisiwe zehle ngo-97% phakathi kuka-2018 no-2023 ngokokuhlaziya komkhakha. Kodwa "amathuba ancishisiwe" akusho "ingozi eqediwe." Izinhlelo ze-LFP zisavutha. Izehlakalo ezintathu ezinyangeni eziyishumi nambili ezedlule zibandakanya amakhemikhali izinto zokuthengisa ezaziwachaze ngaphambilini ngokuthi "ziphephile ngokwemvelo."
Ukuhlola okuqotho: i-thermal runaway iyingozi yangaphakathi ye-lithium-yesitoreji se-ion esikalini. Ukunciphisa umklamo kuyasiza. Isikhala siyasiza. Amasistimu okucindezela ayasiza. Amasistimu okuthola usizo. Akukho lutho oluqeda ukuthi kungenzeka ngokuphelele. Noma ubani okutshela okuhlukile uthengisa okuthile.
Kungani uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza luzoshelela
Amaphesenti angamashumi amahlanu-nesishiyagalolunye okuhluleka kwe-BESS kwenzeka phakathi neminyaka emibili yokuqala yokusebenza, ikakhulukazi kusuka kubhalansi-ye{2}}yezinkinga zesistimu ezethulwe ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Izibalo kufanele zethuse abathuthukisi bephrojekthi kodwa ngandlela thize kungabonakali.
Ukugunyaza ukufakwa kwe-Battery Energy Storage Systems kubandakanya ukuhlanganisa amathuluzi avela kubathengisi abaningi - abahlinzeki bebhethri, abakhiqizi be-inverter, izihlanganisi zezilawuli, osonkontileka be-HVAC, ochwepheshe bokucisha umlilo - ngamunye osebenza ngokumelene nobubanzi bawo bomsebenzi, izivumelwano zabo zokuhlola, incazelo yabo yokuthi "kuphelele." Ukwehluleka kokuhlanganisa kuwumphumela ozenzakalelayo wokungabikho kokuphatha okunolaka.
Ngibuke iphrojekthi ye-40 MW e-California ihlezi ingenzi lutho izinyanga ezintathu ngenxa yokuthi ukugunyazwa kokuxhumanisa kwafika ngaphambi kokuba umdayisi webhethri aqede ukusebenzisa i-firmware ye-BMS. Amaseli aqale ukuphelelwa amandla ngesikhathi elindile. Othile ekugcineni kudingeke ukuthi aqashe amajeneretha kadizili ukuze ashaje amabhethri ayekhona ngokukhethekile ukuze agcine amandla avuselelekayo. Indida ayizange ilahleke kunoma ubani owayehilelekile.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezokuxhumana kukodwa kungadla amasonto okuxazulula inkinga. Uhlelo lokuphatha amandla ludinga ukukhuluma ne-BMS. I-BMS idinga ukubika kwa-SCADA. Isistimu yokuguqula amandla idinga imiyalo evela kusilawuli sesitshalo. Isixhumi esibonakalayo ngasinye sisebenzisa amaphrothokholi avumelana ngokwengqikithi namazinga kodwa empeleni adinga ukulungiselelwa ngokwezifiso ngoba abekho abathengisi ababili abahumusha lawo mazinga ngokufanayo.
Bese kuba khona ukuqinisekiswa kwesistimu eshisayo. Amasistimu Esitoreji Samandla Ebhethri ahlolwe ngokuphelele esimweni sezulu-amafekthri alawulwayo aziphatha ngendlela ehlukile uma efakwe ngaphandle ezindaweni ezinokuhlukahluka kwangempela kwezinga lokushisa. Umthamo wokupholisa uklanywa ngokumelene{3}}nemicabango emibi kakhulu. Ukushisa{5}kwangempela komhlaba wonke kuncike emaphethini okugibela amabhayisikili angekho kuze kube yilapho isistimu ingena emsebenzini wokuhweba. Igebe phakathi kwezimo zedizayini nezimo zokusebenza libonakala kuphela ngemva kokuba usudlule lapho kulula khona izinguquko.
I-EMS yilapho ezomnotho zihlangana khona ne-electrochemistry
Esikalini segridi, isistimu yokuphatha amandla inquma ukuthi ukufakwa kwenza imali noma kuyayibhubhisa.
I-EMS ixhumanisa imiyalo yokushaja nokukhipha ngokusekelwe ezimeni zegridi, amasignali emakethe, izibikezelo zokukhiqiza ezivuselelekayo, kanye nemikhawulo yesimo sebhethri. Inquma ukuthi uzowathenga nini amandla kugridi ngamanani aphansi nokuthi uzowathengisa nini amandla agciniwe ngesikhathi samafasitela adingeka kakhulu. Isebenza kahle kuyo yonke imithombo yemali engenayo ngesikhathi esisodwa - i-arbitrage yamandla, ukulawulwa kwemvamisa, izinkokhelo zamandla, i-spinning reserve - ngayinye enezidingo zesikhathi sokuphendula ezihlukene kanye nemithelela ehlukene ekugugile kwebhethri.
Lokhu kuzwakala kuyinkinga yesofthiwe. Kubuye kube yinkinga ye-electrochemistry.
Wonke umjikelezo wokushaja{0}}wehlisa isithunzi amaseli. Izinga lokuwohloka lincike ezingeni lokushisa, ukujula kokukhishwa, izinga lokushaja, kanye nesikhathi esichithwe ezimeni eziphakeme zokukhokhiswa. Isu lokuhweba elinolaka elikhipha imali engenayo enkulu-yesikhathi esifushane lingacekela phansi kalula-inani lempahla yesikhathi eside ngokusheshisa ukufiphala kwamandla. Isu elilondolozayo eligcina Amasistimu Esitoreji Samandla Ebhethri lingase lingasebenzi kahle ngokomnotho ngoba lishiya imali etafuleni.
Izibalo zokuthuthukisa ziyashintsha ngokusekelwe kumigomo yesiqinisekiso. Iziqinisekiso eziningi ze-BESS zifinyelela inani eliphelele lamandla njengomsebenzi wokubala umjikelezo nesikhathi sekhalenda. Ukusebenza okungaphezu kwemikhawulo yokuphuma kuvimbela ukufakwa. Ukusebenza kahle ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo kusho ukuthi uthenge ibhethri eliningi kunalo olisebenzisayo. Indawo emnandi incike ekucacisweni kwenkontileka okuhlukayo phakathi kokufakwa, abahlinzeki bewaranti, nemibandela okuxoxiswene ngayo.
Ukuthola lokhu okungalungile kubiza imali yangempela. Ukuhlaziya okukodwa kusikisela ukuthi amajika kagesi ayisicaba ezinhlelweni ze-LFP angafihla izinkinga zokungalingani ezidonsa buthule u-$250,000 ngonyaka ekusebenzeni okulahlekile - kuphrojekthi eyodwa.
Ukuhweba kwe-LFP ne-NMC wonke umuntu wenza kube lula ngokweqile
Inkulumo yemboni ijwayele ukubeka lokhu njenge-LFP yokugcina izinto ezimile, i-NMC yezimoto zikagesi. Iqiniso liwukuthi messier.
I-LFP inikeza imijikelezo eyengeziwe. Ukuhlolwa eSandia National Laboratories kubonise amaseli e-LFP ehlisa isithunzi cishe uhhafu njengokushesha okulinganayo kwe-NMC ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zamabhayisikili. Isakhiwo se-olivine esizinzile siphatha i-lithium intercalation ne-cathode encane yokucindezeleka. Izilinganiso zempilo yomjikelezo zisukela ku-3,000 kuye ku-6,000 ukujula okugcwele{7}}ko{8}}komjikelezo wokukhipha ngaphambi kokufinyelela ukugcinwa komthamo ongu-80%, amanye amasistimu afuna imijikelezo engu-10,{11}} ingxenye.
I-NMC inikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu. Ungakwazi ukupakisha amahora e-kilowatt{1}}engeziwe esikhaleni esincane nesisindo esincane. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu. Okokugcina okumile lapho umkhondo wezinyawo kungewona umkhawulo oyinhloko, inzuzo iyancipha.
Ukuguga kwekhalenda kuthinta womabili amakhemikhali. Amabhethri awonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyawajikeleza yini. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu asheshisa ukuguga kwekhalenda. Izimo eziphezulu zokushaja zisheshisa ukuguga kwekhalenda. Izindlela zokwehlisa izinga ziyahluka phakathi kwamakhemikhali kodwa umphumela uyahlangana: ukulahlekelwa umthamo kwenzeka noma ngabe ibhethri lisebenza kanzima noma lihlezi lingenzi lutho.
Inzuzo yokuphepha eshisayo ye-LFP ingokoqobo kodwa idlulele. Ukuminyana kwamandla aphansi kusho ingqikithi yamandla amancane atholakalayo ukuze akhishwe phakathi nemicimbi yokwehluleka. Ikhemistri ngokwayo izinzile ngokwezinga lokushisa. Kodwa "ukuphepha" akusho "ukuphepha." Idizayini yokufaka isabalulekile. Ukuphatha okushisayo kusebalulekile. Ukutholwa nokucindezelwa kusebalulekile.
Okungavamile ukushiwo: Ijika le-LFP lamandla kagesi ayisicaba lidala izinselelo zokuphatha ibhethri ezingekho nge-NMC. I-BMS ayikwazi ukusebenzisa i-voltage ukuze ilinganisele isimo seshaji kulo lonke ibanga lokusebenza. Ukulinganisa ama-algorithms asebenza kahle emzabalazweni we-NMC ne-LFP. Isici esifanayo esithuthukisa impilo yomjikelezo senza ukulinganisa kwezwe kube nzima.
Ukuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kwesayithi kubamba okuncane kunalokho obekufanele
Ukuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kwasefekthri kuqinisekisa ukuthi okokusebenza kusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa. Ukuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kwesayithi kuqinisekisa ukuthi okokusebenza kusebenza ngemuva kokufakwa ngaphansi kwezimo zangempela zokusebenza. Zombili ziyadingeka. Futhi akwanele.
Igebe phakathi kokuqedwa kwe-FAT ne-SAT yilapho izinkinga zihlala khona. Izisetshenziswa eziphumelele ukuhlolwa kwefekthri zingahluleka ukuhlolwa kwesayithi ngoba ezokuthutha zilimaze izingxenye ezibucayi. Amaphutha okufaka angonakalisa amasistimu abesebenza kahle ngesikhathi ephuma efekthri. Izinkinga zokusebenzisana phakathi{3}}nezinhlelo ezingaphansi ezihloliwe ezihlukene zibonakala kuphela lapho yonke into ixhunywa ndawonye okokuqala ngqa.
Ngisho nezinhlelo ze-SAT eziphelele zinemikhawulo yokufaka. Awukwazi ukuhlola ukwethembeka{1}}kweminyaka engamashumi amabili{2}ewindini lokugunyazwa lamaviki amabili. Awukwazi ukulingisa zonke izimo zegridi uhlelo oluzohlangabezana nazo empilweni yalo yokusebenza. Ungaqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zisebenza njengoba ziklanywe ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola. Awukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umklamo wanele zonke izimo ezingaba khona.
Ukwenziwa kwezibalo{0}okusekelwe kuzibalo kukhula ngokunembile ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlola okuvamile kugeja izinto. Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kuwo wonke amaseli kungakhomba abangaphandle abaphumelela ukuhlolwa kukagesi kodwa kubonise amaphethini okuziphatha ahlobene nokwehluleka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukuthwebula izithombe ezishisayo ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngebhayisikili kungadalula ukushiyeka kokupholisa ngaphambi kokuthi kudale umonakalo. Ama-algorithms aqagelayo aqeqeshwe kudatha yemikhumbi angahlaba umkhosi okudidayo onjiniyela besayithi abebengeke bakubone njengokubalulekile.
Imboni ifunda. 37% yamaphrojekthi e-UK BESS aphuthelwa umugqa wesikhathi wawo wokusebenza - amanye cishe unyaka. Amaphrojekthi e-ERCOT aphakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kweziyisishiyagalolunye zokulibaziseka. Njalo ngenyanga eshelelayo imelela imali engenayo elahlekile kanye nobungozi obuqoqiwe.
Okuhamba ngemikhumbi kuqhathaniswa nalokho okumenyezelwa yizindaba
Izethulo zenkomfa zibonisa amasistimu angu-terawatt-amahora angu-1.6 anamakhemikhali e-exotic cell kanye ne-AI{2}}izilawuli ezilungiselelwe. Ukuthunyelwa kwangempela kubuswa amayunithi e-lithium{4}}e-containerized ion esebenzisa amaketanga okunikezela amisiwe namaphethini okuhlanganisa afakazelwe.
Igebe lithatha cishe iminyaka emihlanu. Ubuchwepheshe obukhonjiswe kumalabhorethri namaphrojekthi okuhlola namuhla bungase bufinyelele ekusetshenzisweni kwezinga lezentengiselwano cishe ngo-2030, kucatshangelwa izikali zokukhiqiza, ukwehla kwezindleko, kanye nedatha yokwethembeka iyanqwabelana. Lowo mugqa wesikhathi awuthathi izithiyo ezinkulu ezivela ezehlakalweni zomlilo, ukuphazamiseka kwe-supply chain, noma ukwehluleka kokusebenza okusetha kabusha ukuzethemba komkhakha.
Amamojula we-800G optical athathe ishumi leminyaka kusukela ekubonisweni kokuqala kuya kumthamo wokukhiqiza ophusile. Iphethini efanayo ibamba amasistimu wehadiwe ayinkimbinkimbi. Ukucwaninga{3}}okusemaphethelweni kuba ubunjiniyela bokukhiqiza obuyisicefe buba ubuchwepheshe obuthembekile bempahla. Inguquko ngayinye idinga ukuxazulula izinkinga ezahlukene.
I-Battery Energy Storage Systems oyisebenzisayo ngekota elandelayo cishe yaklanywa eminyakeni emine edlule, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe beselula obufaneleke eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kwalokho, ekhiqizwa emigqeni yokukhiqiza eqinisekiswa nangaphambilini. Uhlelo olusetshenziswa izingane zakho ngo-2035 luyaklanywa manje, kusetshenziswa ucwaningo olushicilelwe eminyakeni embalwa edlule.
Lokho akukhona ukungabi nathemba. Lokho kuyiqiniso lokukhiqiza. Ukuyiqonda kusiza ukulinganisa okulindelekile mayelana nokuthi yini etholakalayo ngempela uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okungenzeka ngokombono.
Imboni iyakhula. Ukufakwa kwesikali-segridi kuyaphindaphinda. Amajika okufunda agobela izindleko eziya phansi. Kodwa i-physics ayikashintshi. Izinselelo zobunjiniyela azikanyamalala. Ukuhwebelana phakathi kokusebenza, izindleko, ukuphepha, nokuphila isikhathi eside kuhlala kungokoqobo ngenkani.
Yonke iphrojekthi ye-Battery Energy Storage Systems esebenza ngempumelelo inikela ekufundeni okuhlangene. Konke ukwehluleka kunikeza idatha ethuthukisa imiklamo yesikhathi esizayo. Ubuchwepheshe buyasebenza. Ukuyenza isebenze ngokwethembeka esikalini, unyaka nonyaka, ezinkulungwaneni zokufakwa, ngaphansi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo, kuyilapho ihlala ikwazi ukusebenza ngokwezomnotho - leyo inselele eqhubekayo yobunjiniyela engangeni kahle ekukhululweni kwabezindaba.